FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\cactin
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\cactin
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
cactin
Annotation Symbol
CG1676
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0031114
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
5 publicly available
Gene Summary
cactin (cactin) encodes a conserved protein that functions in the Rel-NFkB pathway, possibly by controlling the stability of the product of cact. [Date last reviewed: 2018-10-04] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
19D1-19D1
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-64
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:20424069..20426402
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables lncRNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Zhang et al., 2020)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q03017
(Lin et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables RNA binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q8WUQ7
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellular response to virus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Rong et al., 2024)
involved_in dorsal/ventral axis specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Lin et al., 2000)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:cact; FB:FBgn0000250
(Lin et al., 2000)
involved_in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Miao et al., 2022)
involved_in positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhang et al., 2020)
involved_in positive regulation of Toll signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Lin et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000497525
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q8WUQ7
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred by curator from GO:0071013
(Herold et al., 2009)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of catalytic step 2 spliceosome
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Herold et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000497525
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of spliceosomal complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000497525
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the CACTIN family. (Q9VR99)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
cactin (cactin) encodes a conserved protein that functions in the Rel-NFkB pathway, possibly by controlling the stability of the product of cact. [Date last reviewed: 2018-10-04]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SPLICEOSOME COMPLEX C -
Nuclear pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome which assembles in a step-wise manner. Complex B undergoes a number of structural rearrangements and U4 and U1 snRNPs dissociate to generate complex C, the catalytic spliceosome. (Adapted from PMID:24452469 and PMID:23118483).
SPLICEOSOME COMPLEX P -
Nuclear pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome which assembles in a step-wise manner. Complex P, the post-spliceosomal complex, is formed after the catalytic removal of the intron by complex C. Complex P contains the lariat intron and spliced exons. (Adapted from PMID:24452469 and PMID:23118483).
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF TOLL-NF-kappaB SIGNALING PATHWAY -
In Drosophila, the canonical Toll signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of a spatzle ligand to Toll (Tl) or a Toll-like receptor leading to the nuclear localization of the NF-κB (dl or Dif) transcription factor. Positive regulators of Toll-NF-κB Signaling lead to the increased nuclear accumulation of the NF-κB proteins and regulated expression of target genes. (Adapted from FBrf0091014 and FBrf0223077).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by facilitating excision of a subset of introns (By similarity). Plays a role during early embryonic development (PubMed:10842059). Involved in the dorsal-ventral embryonic patterning (PubMed:10842059). Probably acts as a negative regulator of the NF-kappa-B (Rel) signaling pathway (PubMed:10842059).
(UniProt, Q9VR99)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\cactin for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VR99)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
cactin-RB
FBtr0340400
NM_078698
2334
720
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
cactin-PB
FBpp0309346
86.6
720
8.13
Q9VR99
NP_523422
AAF50904
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with cact.

(UniProt, Q9VR99)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\cactin using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.63

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of catalytic step 2 spliceosome
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Herold et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\cactin in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 0 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of cactin
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of cactin
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\CACTIN
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Cactin
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Cactin
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\cactin
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\egfl8
8 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\cactin
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\cacn-1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006542
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\AT1G03910
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G36815
2 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\SPBC2F12.12c
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:cactin. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
PQBP1
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    CACTIN; cactin, spliceosome C complex subunit
    13 of 14
    618536
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        cactin
        suppressible
        aPKC
        (Miao et al., 2022)
        cactin
        suppressible
        Rab5
        (Miao et al., 2022)
        cactin
        enhanceable
        Rab5
        (Miao et al., 2022)
        cactin
        suppressible
        Rab11
        (Miao et al., 2022)
        cactin
        suppressible
        Sec23
        (Miao et al., 2022)
        cactin
        suppressible
        Sec24CD
        (Miao et al., 2022)
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        cact
        enhanceable
        cactin
        (Lin et al., 2000)
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Interacts with cact.
        (UniProt, Q9VR99 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        X
        Recombination map
        1-64
        Cytogenetic map
        19D1-19D1
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        19D1-19D1
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}amnEP1639&P{EP}amnEP367 and P{EP}CG1702EP1525
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        1-64

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        1-64.3

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (5)
        Genomic Clones (11)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (28)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Cell Line Information
          Publicly Available Cell Lines
           
            Other Stable Cell Lines
             
            Other Comments
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments

            Source for identity of cactin CG1676 was sequence comparison ( date:000504 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: cactin CG1676

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 34 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            References (38)