FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Dscam1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Dscam1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1
Annotation Symbol
CG17800
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0033159
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Cell surface receptor involved in guidance and targeting of growing nerve axons (PubMed:10892653). Required during Bolwig's organ differentiation for accurate and efficient targeting of photoreceptor neuron axons to their synaptic targets in the brain via the P2 intermediate target neuron (PubMed:10892653). Involved in isoneural self-avoidance during dendrite arborization but not in heteroneural recognition and repulsion during tiling by related neurons of the same class (PubMed:17482551). Involved in regulating axon bifurcation and divergent extension in the developing mushroom body (PubMed:11856530, PubMed:15339648). Essential for axon arborisation in ellipsoid body (PubMed:11856530, PubMed:15339648). Exhibits an extraordinary level of molecular diversity resulting from alternative splicing (PubMed:10892653). Isoforms differing in their ectodomain makeup show a high degree of functional redundancy while isoforms with different transmembrane domains are involved in different neuronal morphogenetic processes and are differentially targeted to dendrites or axons (PubMed:15339648). The vast majority of isoforms exhibit strong isoform-specific homophilic binding (PubMed:15339666, PubMed:17889655). Individual cells express a distinct randomly generated repertoire of isoforms (PubMed:14758360). Cell surfaces bearing identical repertoires of Dscam1 isoforms, such as those from the same cell, trigger recognition and avoidance (PubMed:17482551). A subset of isoforms is expressed in fat body cells and hemocytes, cells that are part of the insect immune response, and these isoforms are secreted into the hemolymph (PubMed:16109846). The secreted form comprising the ectodomain can bind to bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, and may act as an opsonin enhancing their phagocytosis by hemocytes (PubMed:16109846). (UniProt, Q0E9H9)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Also Known As

Dscam, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, l(2)43Bc, Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, Neu1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-56
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:7317924..7381899
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (23 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Dscam1; FB:FBgn0033159
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (15 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (15 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
involved_in neuron development
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in phagocytosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Tbcd; FB:FBgn0027509
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Abl; FB:FBgn0000017
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in axon
inferred from direct assay
located_in dendrite
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
inferred from sequence model
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
DOWN SYNDROME CELL-ADHESION MOLECULES -
The Dscam (Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule) transmembrane immunoglobulin superfamily proteins regulate axon branching and guidance by mediating both repulsion and adhesion. (Adapted from FBrf0232776, FBrf0145178 and FBrf0193992).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Cell surface receptor involved in guidance and targeting of growing nerve axons (PubMed:10892653). Required during Bolwig's organ differentiation for accurate and efficient targeting of photoreceptor neuron axons to their synaptic targets in the brain via the P2 intermediate target neuron (PubMed:10892653). Involved in isoneural self-avoidance during dendrite arborization but not in heteroneural recognition and repulsion during tiling by related neurons of the same class (PubMed:17482551). Involved in regulating axon bifurcation and divergent extension in the developing mushroom body (PubMed:11856530, PubMed:15339648). Essential for axon arborisation in ellipsoid body (PubMed:11856530, PubMed:15339648). Exhibits an extraordinary level of molecular diversity resulting from alternative splicing (PubMed:10892653). Isoforms differing in their ectodomain makeup show a high degree of functional redundancy while isoforms with different transmembrane domains are involved in different neuronal morphogenetic processes and are differentially targeted to dendrites or axons (PubMed:15339648). The vast majority of isoforms exhibit strong isoform-specific homophilic binding (PubMed:15339666, PubMed:17889655). Individual cells express a distinct randomly generated repertoire of isoforms (PubMed:14758360). Cell surfaces bearing identical repertoires of Dscam1 isoforms, such as those from the same cell, trigger recognition and avoidance (PubMed:17482551). A subset of isoforms is expressed in fat body cells and hemocytes, cells that are part of the insect immune response, and these isoforms are secreted into the hemolymph (PubMed:16109846). The secreted form comprising the ectodomain can bind to bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, and may act as an opsonin enhancing their phagocytosis by hemocytes (PubMed:16109846).
(UniProt, Q0E9H9)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

multiple Ig domain protein - acts with other proteins to direct pathfinding of Bolwig's nerve - controls neuronal morphogenesis through spatial regulation of Cdc42 signaling and, subsequently, cytoskeletal remodeling - Dscam1 forms a complex with Robo1 and the N-terminal fragment of Slit to promote the growth of longitudinal axons

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
75
Number of Unique Polypeptides
75

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Dscam1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q0E9H9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

95 alternative exons are arranged in four clusters.The exon 4, 6, 9, and 17 clusters contain 12, 48, 33, and 2 variable exons, respectively. The exons within each cluster are alternatively spliced in a mutually exclusive manner such that Dscam mRNAs contain only one variable exon from each cluster.

Dscam can potentially encode 38,016 different mRNAs by virtue of alternative splicing. The Dscam gene contains 115 exons, 20 of which are constitutively spliced and 95 of which are alternatively spliced FBrf0139679

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons.

All variable Dscam exons from GB:AF260530 have been annotated in at least one transcript. Where possible, they have been annotated in a combination found in an mRNA characterized in FBrf0128634 or FBrf0156018. Remaining variable exons 6.11, 6.17, 6.29, 6.31, 6.38, 6.40, 6.41, 9.10, 9.28, and 9.29 have been arbitrarily joined with other variable exons.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Variant in sequenced strain: frameshift at 2R:7342645 affects one of the 33 alternative exons for exon 9.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0089016
7699
2016
FBtr0111049
7699
2016
FBtr0111050
7744
2031
FBtr0111051
7744
2031
FBtr0111052
7702
2017
FBtr0111053
7699
2016
FBtr0111054
7744
2031
FBtr0111055
7747
2032
FBtr0111056
7699
2016
FBtr0111057
7702
2017
FBtr0111058
7741
2030
FBtr0111059
7747
2032
FBtr0111060
7699
2016
FBtr0111061
7702
2017
FBtr0111102
7762
2037
FBtr0111062
7747
2032
FBtr0111063
7717
2022
FBtr0111064
7711
2020
FBtr0111101
7753
2034
FBtr0111065
7753
2034
FBtr0111066
7705
2018
FBtr0111067
7705
2018
FBtr0111068
7753
2034
FBtr0111069
7753
2034
FBtr0111070
7708
2019
FBtr0111071
7705
2018
FBtr0111072
7756
2035
FBtr0111073
7756
2035
FBtr0111074
7711
2020
FBtr0111075
7741
2030
FBtr0111076
7741
2030
FBtr0111077
7744
2031
FBtr0111078
7744
2031
FBtr0111079
7744
2031
FBtr0111080
7756
2035
FBtr0306773
7741
2030
FBtr0306774
7750
2033
FBtr0306775
7756
2035
FBtr0306776
7708
2019
FBtr0306777
7735
2028
FBtr0306778
7759
2036
FBtr0306779
7708
2019
FBtr0306780
7708
2019
FBtr0306781
7762
2037
FBtr0306782
7747
2032
FBtr0306783
7699
2016
FBtr0306784
7699
2016
FBtr0306785
7753
2034
FBtr0306786
7759
2036
FBtr0306787
7699
2016
FBtr0306767
7764
2038
FBtr0306768
7710
2020
FBtr0306769
7755
2035
FBtr0089018
7699
2016
FBtr0306770
7755
2035
FBtr0306771
7710
2020
FBtr0306772
7755
2035
FBtr0334801
9145
1947
FBtr0089019
7708
2019
FBtr0089020
7717
2022
FBtr0111081
7744
2031
FBtr0111082
7747
2032
FBtr0111083
7702
2017
FBtr0111084
7702
2017
FBtr0111085
7699
2016
FBtr0111087
7744
2031
FBtr0111088
7702
2017
FBtr0111089
7744
2031
FBtr0111092
7690
2013
FBtr0111094
7747
2032
FBtr0111096
7699
2016
FBtr0111097
7708
2019
FBtr0111098
7744
2031
FBtr0111099
7756
2035
FBtr0111100
7702
2017
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0088088
222.1
2016
6.48
FBpp0110341
222.1
2016
6.48
FBpp0110342
223.8
2031
6.46
FBpp0110343
223.9
2031
6.55
FBpp0110344
222.5
2017
6.50
FBpp0110345
222.1
2016
6.51
FBpp0110346
224.0
2031
6.50
FBpp0110347
224.2
2032
6.50
FBpp0110348
222.4
2016
6.55
FBpp0110349
222.3
2017
6.53
FBpp0110350
223.8
2030
6.61
FBpp0110351
224.1
2032
6.52
FBpp0110352
222.5
2016
6.53
FBpp0110353
222.3
2017
6.52
FBpp0110354
225.1
2037
6.57
FBpp0110355
224.2
2032
6.52
FBpp0110356
223.0
2022
6.50
FBpp0110357
222.8
2020
6.45
FBpp0110358
224.7
2034
6.55
FBpp0110359
224.4
2034
6.53
FBpp0110360
222.2
2018
6.50
FBpp0110361
222.6
2018
6.43
FBpp0110362
224.4
2034
6.43
FBpp0110363
224.3
2034
6.53
FBpp0110364
222.7
2019
6.48
FBpp0110365
222.7
2018
6.50
FBpp0110366
224.5
2035
6.46
FBpp0110367
224.6
2035
6.41
FBpp0110368
222.7
2020
6.43
FBpp0110369
224.0
2030
6.56
FBpp0110370
223.7
2030
6.50
FBpp0110371
224.2
2031
6.45
FBpp0110372
224.1
2031
6.53
FBpp0110373
224.0
2031
6.48
FBpp0110374
224.7
2035
6.51
FBpp0088090
222.2
2016
6.57
FBpp0088091
222.4
2019
6.48
FBpp0089327
223.0
2022
6.57
FBpp0110375
224.0
2031
6.55
FBpp0110376
224.1
2032
6.48
FBpp0110377
222.7
2017
6.46
FBpp0110378
222.5
2017
6.50
FBpp0110379
222.3
2016
6.46
FBpp0110381
224.2
2031
6.55
FBpp0110382
222.5
2017
6.61
FBpp0110384
224.1
2031
6.55
FBpp0110387
222.1
2013
6.62
FBpp0110389
224.1
2032
6.51
FBpp0110391
222.1
2016
6.51
FBpp0110392
222.5
2019
6.52
FBpp0110393
224.2
2031
6.57
FBpp0110394
224.3
2035
6.52
FBpp0110395
222.4
2017
6.50
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer (via extracellular region); alternative splicing produces a potential 19,008 different ectodomains and the majority of these show strong isoform-specific homodimerization (PubMed:15339666, PubMed:17721508, PubMed:17889655, PubMed:18805093, PubMed:27386517). Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with dock/dreadlocks (via SH2 and SH3 domains); the interaction is direct and may require Dscam1 to be phosphorylated (PubMed:10892653).

(UniProt, Q0E9H9)
Post Translational Modification

Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain (PubMed:10892653, PubMed:12014990). Tyrosine protein kinase Src42A and possibly Src64B are involved in this phosphorylation (PubMed:12014990).

Glycosylation on Asn-53 and Asn-325 is involved in stabilizing dimerization.

Proteolytically processed, probably to generate a secreted form.

(UniProt, Q0E9H9)
Domain

The ectodomain consists of 10 Ig-like domains. Ig-like domains 2, 3 and 7 are highly variable in different isoforms due to alternative splicing (PubMed:10892653). Ig-like domains 1-8 are sufficient for homodimerization (PubMed:15339666). Dimerization only occurs when all 3 variable Ig-like domains are identical (PubMed:15339666, PubMed:17889655). Intramolecular interactions between Ig-like domain pairs 1-4, 2-3 and 5-6 cause the ectodomain to adopt an S shape conformation, bringing the variable Ig-like domains 2, 3 and 7 into line to form an interaction surface (PubMed:18805093). During dimerization Ig-like domains 2, 3 and 7 self-interact in a modular fashion with their corresponding domain on the opposite molecule in an antiparallel orientation (PubMed:17721508, PubMed:17889655, PubMed:18805093). The Ig-like domain isoform encoded by exon 9.33 is unable to bind another copy of itself (PubMed:17889655).

The cytoplasmic domain is required to convert the recognition and adhesion of Dscam1 molecules on opposing membranes into a repulsion signal, possibly by recruiting components of signaling pathways involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation.

The 2 PXXP motifs and the polyproline tract are cooperatively involved in the binding of dock/dreadlocks through its SH3 domains (PubMed:10892653). PXXP motif 1 preferentially binds dock SH3 domain 1 (PubMed:10892653). PXXP motif 2 preferentially binds dock SH3 domain 3 (PubMed:10892653). The polyproline tract preferentially binds dock SH3 domain 2 (PubMed:10892653).

The transmembrane domain is encoded by 2 mutually exclusive alternative exons, 17.1 and 17.2 (PubMed:10892653, PubMed:15339648). Isoforms bearing the transmembrane domain encoded by exon 17.1 are targeted to dendrites while those encoded by exon 17.2 are targeted to axons (PubMed:15339648).

(UniProt, Q0E9H9)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Dscam1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.52

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Isoform-specific expression patterns are observed. Alternative exon 4 variants of Dscam1 are expressed at different frequencies in the mushroom body. In class IV dendritic arborizing neurons, the splicing of Dscam1 exon 4 is probabilistic, not deterministic. The frequency of inclusion of particular exon 4 variants is different between cell types, and changes over time.

Dscam is expressed in narrow lateral stripes in the presumptive neurogenic ectoderm.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Dscam1 protein is observed in the axonal portions of the anterior stomatogastric nervous system throughout embryogenesis, and appears at a low level in the more posterior ganglia shortly before hatching.

Dscam is expressed in the youngest fibres found in the core of the 3rd instar larval pedunculus and mushroom body lobes. It is not found on the dendrites (the calyx) or cell bodies of the Kenyon cells.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in axon
inferred from direct assay
located_in dendrite
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Dscam1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 252 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 92 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Dscam1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Dscam1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 49 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 49 )
Inferred from location ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
anterior scutellar bristle & mechanosensory neuron | somatic clone
dendrite & abdominal dorsal/lateral multidendritic neuron | somatic clone | cell autonomous
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaA | somatic clone | cell autonomous
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | somatic clone | cell autonomous
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (with Dscam121)
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (with Dscam123)
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD (with Dscam147)
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD | somatic clone | cell autonomous
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (with Dscam121)
dendrite & abdominal dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (with Dscam123)
dendrite & dendritic arborising neuron | somatic clone | cell autonomous
neuron & mushroom body | somatic clone
posterior dorsocentral bristle & mechanosensory neuron | somatic clone
posterior scutellar bristle & mechanosensory neuron
posterior scutellar bristle & mechanosensory neuron (with Dscam121)
posterior scutellar bristle & mechanosensory neuron (with Dscam1ΔR265)
posterior scutellar bristle & mechanosensory neuron (with Dscam1ΔR272)
posterior scutellar bristle & mechanosensory neuron | somatic clone
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (177)
11 of 14
Yes
No
 
3  
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
2  
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
4  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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No
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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Yes
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Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
11  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
3  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (74)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (82)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
Yes
No
1  
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (63)
9 of 13
Yes
No
7 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (113)
11 of 14
Yes
No
11 of 14
Yes
No
10 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (35)
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (95)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Dscam1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (79)
9 of 13
9 of 13
6 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 9 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 11 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Dmel gene
Ortholog showing functional complementation
Supporting References
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
RNA-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Homodimer (via extracellular region); alternative splicing produces a potential 19,008 different ectodomains and the majority of these show strong isoform-specific homodimerization (PubMed:15339666, PubMed:17721508, PubMed:17889655, PubMed:18805093, PubMed:27386517). Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with dock/dreadlocks (via SH2 and SH3 domains); the interaction is direct and may require Dscam1 to be phosphorylated (PubMed:10892653).
(UniProt, Q0E9H9 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
2R
Recombination map
2-56
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
43A4-43B1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}vimark16722 and P{lacW}cosk16101
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
43B1-43B3
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
43B1-43B2
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (56)
Genomic Clones (43)
cDNA Clones (55)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Dscam diversity is essential for neural circuit assembly in the brain. It is crucial for neighbouring neurons to express distinct Dscam isoforms, but the specific identity of the isoforms expressed in an individual neuron is unimportant. Dscam diversity appears to provide each neuron with a unique identity by which it can distinguish its own processes from those of other neurons, and this self-recognition is essential for wiring the brain.

        Dendrite self avoidance in da sensory neurons requires cell-recognition molecules encoded by the Dscam locus. Interactions between identical Dscam isoforms on the cell surface underlie self-recognition, while the cytoplasmic tail is required to convert this recognition to dendrite repulsion.

        Alternative splicing of Dscam can potentially generate 19,008 distinct extracellular domains containing different combinations of three variable immunoglobulin domains. 95% (more than 18,000) of these isoforms exhibit striking isoform-specific homophilic binding in a high-throughput ELISA-based binding assay. Each of the three variable domains binds to the same variable domain in an opposing isoform.

        D.melanogaster immune-competent cells have the potential to express more than 18,000 isoforms of Dscam.

        Hemocyte-specific loss of Dscam function impairs the efficiency of phagocytic uptake of bacteria.

        Dscam plays an early role in promoting selective fasciculation of young axons in the peduncle of the developing mushroom body.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        Dscam has a role in mediating formation and guidance of axonal branches in the mushroom body.

        Dscam is required in the developing central nervous system for the establishment of axon pathways.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments

        Source for identity of Dscam CG17800 was sequence comparison ( date:000529 ).

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Dscam CG17800

        Source for identity of: Dscam1 Dscam

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (32)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        DmDscam1
        Dscam
        (Dong et al., 2025, Dong et al., 2023, Dong et al., 2022, Dong et al., 2022, Li et al., 2022, Singh et al., 2022, Li, 2021, Liu et al., 2020, Goyal et al., 2019, Haussmann et al., 2019, Ustaoglu et al., 2019, Varela et al., 2019, Drozd et al., 2018, Hao et al., 2018, Jin et al., 2018, Hughes and Jacobs, 2017, Mohr et al., 2017, Zinn and Özkan, 2017, Evans, 2016, Quan et al., 2016, Yue et al., 2016, Androschuk et al., 2015, Lee et al., 2015, Naval-Sánchez et al., 2015, Okumura et al., 2015, Sakuma et al., 2015, Sterne et al., 2015, Vlisidou and Wood, 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Brown et al., 2014, Chin et al., 2014, Feng et al., 2014, Frost et al., 2014, Péan and Dionne, 2014, Pervouchine, 2014, Rowshanravan et al., 2014, Tran et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Wolfram et al., 2014, Cvetkovska et al., 2013, Ghezzi et al., 2013, Harbison et al., 2013, Karsai et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Lin et al., 2013, Newquist et al., 2013, Ozkan et al., 2013, Ozkan et al., 2013, Pohl et al., 2013, Sekine et al., 2013, Sun et al., 2013, Turner et al., 2013, Yue et al., 2013, Armitage et al., 2012, Chen et al., 2012, Han et al., 2012, Igboin et al., 2012, Keleman et al., 2012, Kounatidis and Ligoxygakis, 2012, Lai et al., 2012, Venables et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Zhou et al., 2012, Biersmith et al., 2011, Brochtrup and Hummel, 2011, Cognigni et al., 2011, Huang et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, May et al., 2011, Pillmann et al., 2011, Rolls, 2011, Shih and Chiang, 2011, Shin and Diantonio, 2011, Thum et al., 2011, Yang et al., 2011, Aerts et al., 2010, Diao et al., 2010, Foley et al., 2010, Gong et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2010, Lin et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Pauls et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Young and Armstrong, 2010, Yu et al., 2010, Long et al., 2009, Selcho et al., 2009, Southall and Brand, 2009, Takahashi, 2009, Venken et al., 2009, Venken et al., 2009, Yu et al., 2009, Andrews and Kidd, 2008, Andrews et al., 2008, Bortnick et al., 2008, Chen et al., 2008, Erfurth and Schmucker, 2008, Graveley et al., 2008, Morante and Desplan, 2008, Sawaya et al., 2008, Yang et al., 2008, Bader et al., 2007, Dietzl et al., 2007, Firth and Baker, 2007, Funada et al., 2007, Hattori et al., 2007, Hattori et al., 2007, Hughes et al., 2007, Krashes et al., 2007, Lin et al., 2007, Matthews et al., 2007, Meijers et al., 2007, Millard et al., 2007, Olson et al., 2007, Shi et al., 2007, Soba et al., 2007, Soba et al., 2007, Wojtowicz et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Anastassiou et al., 2006, Bharadwaj and Kolodkin, 2006, Blencowe, 2006, Chen et al., 2006, Crayton et al., 2006, Jefferis, 2006, Venken et al., 2006, Zhu et al., 2006, Zipursky et al., 2006, Erturk-Hasdemir and Silverman, 2005, Graveley, 2005, Kreahling and Graveley, 2005, Smith, 2005, Graveley et al., 2004, Wang et al., 2004, Wojtowicz et al., 2004, Zhan et al., 2004, Celotto and Graveley, 2002, Muda et al., 2002, Worby et al., 2001)
        l(2)05518
        Name Synonyms
        Down Syndrome cell adhesion molecule
        Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1
        Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule
        Down's syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule
        Down's syndrome cell adhesion molecule
        Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
        Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1
        lethal(2)43Bc
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0004124
        • FBgn0010604
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
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        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 373 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (381)