FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Gene: Dmel\CCAP
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\CCAP
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Crustacean cardioactive peptide
Annotation Symbol
CG4910
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0039007
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Gene Summary
Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) encodes a conserved 9 amino acid neuropeptide. It is produced by 1-2 neurons in each segment of the ventral nervous system and is released during the shedding of the old exoskeleton (ecdysis). It also has cardioactive functions. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Cardioacceleratory peptide

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
94C1-94C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-76
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:22700582..22702084
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (4 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables receptor ligand activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CCAP-R; FB:FBgn0039396
(Cazzamali et al., 2003, Park et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Cazzamali et al., 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of heart rate
inferred from direct assay
(Dulcis et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Dulcis et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) encodes a conserved 9 amino acid neuropeptide. It is produced by 1-2 neurons in each segment of the ventral nervous system and is released during the shedding of the old exoskeleton (ecdysis). It also has cardioactive functions. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
NEUROPEPTIDES -
Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Cardioregulatory neurohormone that increases heart beat rate during adult wing inflation; has no effect on beat amplitude. The effect of CCAP is both ino- and chronotropic (By similarity).
(UniProt, Q9VCW0)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

a conserved 9 amino acid neuropeptide - produced by 1-2 neurons in each segment of the ventral nervous system - released during the shedding of the old exoskeleton (ecdysis) - controls behavior during molting - has cardioactive functions

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\CCAP for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VCW0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
CCAP-RA
FBtr0084333
NM_142826
1249
155
CCAP-RB
FBtr0335007
NM_001275917
714
155
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
CCAP-PA
FBpp0083726
18.0
155
8.90
Q9VCW0
NP_651083
AAF56045
CCAP-PB
FBpp0307015
18.0
155
8.90
Q9VCW0
NP_001262846
AGB96226
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

155 aa isoforms: CCAP-PA, CCAP-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\CCAP using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.15

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
neuron | subset of larval ventral nerve cord
(Lahr et al., 2012)
neuron | subset of larval brain
(Lahr et al., 2012)
neuron | subset of larval gnathal ganglion
(Lahr et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data

CCAP transcript is detected in several pairs of neurons in the larval CNS. Expression is detected in 2 neurons in the dorsal brain, 4 in the subesophageal ganglion, one in each T1, T2 and A8 segments and 2 neurons in segments T3 to A7. Different subsets of CCAP positive ventral nerve cord neurons also express burs protein and transcript, or pburs transcript.

(Lahr et al., 2012)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Vömel and Wegener, 2007, Dewey et al., 2004)
brain | restricted
(Dewey et al., 2004)
peptidergic neuron | subset of larval central nervous system
(Hewes et al., 2003)
adult stage
neuron | subset of adult ventral nerve cord

Comment: ~ 3 neurons at the posterior tip of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion are labeled

(Peterson et al., 2002)
Additional Descriptive Data

CCAP protein is expressed in a subset of neurons in the ventral nerve cord, including all the neurons that express ScerGAL4Ccap.PP. Some CCAP-positive neurons in neuromeres A5-A7 did not express ScerGAL4Ccap.PP. The neurites also expressed CCAP, although staining was weak in the neurites from neuromeres A1-A4.

(Vömel and Wegener, 2007)

Co-localisation of CCAP and ScerGAL4dimm-929 is observed in a subset of CCAP-positive neurons of the central nervous system.

(Hewes et al., 2003)

~ 3 CCAP-positive neurons are observed in the posterior abdominal neuromere of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion.

(Peterson et al., 2002)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Dulcis et al., 2005)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{CCAP-GAL4.DBD}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
larval CCAP neuron

Comment: when combined with P{elav-GAL4.AD}

when combined with P{elav-VP16.AD}

(Luan et al., 2006)
Reporter: P{CCAP-GAL4.P}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
brain | restricted
(Park et al., 2003)
neuron | subset
(Park et al., 2003)
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Park et al., 2003)
neuron | subset of larval ventral nerve cord
(Park et al., 2003)
subesophageal zone neuron | subset
(Park et al., 2003)
neuron of brain | subset
(Park et al., 2003)
third instar larval stage
neuron | subset of larval brain
(Hari et al., 2008)
neuron | subset of larval ventral nerve cord
(Hari et al., 2008)
central nervous system
(Dewey et al., 2004)
(Wu et al., 2003)
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Vömel and Wegener, 2007)
peptidergic neuron | subset of larval ventral nerve cord
(Lee et al., 2013)
peptidergic neuron | subset of larval protocerebrum
(Lee et al., 2013)
third instar larval stage -- P-stage
larval A1-A4 CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
larval A5-A7 CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
pupal A8-A9 late CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
larval protocerebral CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
larval subesophageal CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
larval prothoracic CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
larval mesothoracic CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
larval metathoracic CCAP neuron
(Karsai et al., 2013)
pharate adult stage P14 -- P15
larval Eh neurosecretory neuron | subset
(Selcho et al., 2018)
adult CCAP neuron
(Selcho et al., 2018)
adult stage
neuron | subset of adult brain
(Ma et al., 2012)
subesophageal zone neuron | subset

Comment: 0-6h after eclosion

(Lee et al., 2013, Ma et al., 2012)
peptidergic neuron | subset of adult ventral nerve cord

Comment: 0-6h after eclosion

(Lee et al., 2013)
peptidergic neuron | subset of superior medial protocerebrum
(Lee et al., 2013)
adult CCAP neuron
(Davis et al., 2020)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\CCAP in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 6 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 11 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of CCAP
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of CCAP
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal eclosion rhythm
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\CCAP
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:CCAP. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    CCAP - AkhR
    enzymatic study, inferred by author
    (Park et al., 2002)
    CCAP - CCAP-R
    enzymatic study, inferred by author
    (Park et al., 2002)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    wit
    suppressible
    CCAP|Mip|Pburs
    (Veverytsa and Allan, 2011)
    wit
    suppressible
    CCAP|Pburs
    (Veverytsa and Allan, 2011)
    wit
    suppressible
    CCAP|Mip
    (Veverytsa and Allan, 2011)
    wit
    suppressible
    CCAP
    (Veverytsa and Allan, 2011)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-76
    Cytogenetic map
    94C1-94C1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    94C1-94C1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}GclmL0580 and P{EP}hhEP3521
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-76

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-78.3

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (10)
    Genomic Clones (20)
    cDNA Clones (6)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Moris-Sanz et al., 2014)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Ccap neuropeptide is not critical for the lights-on eclosion response.

            (Lahr et al., 2012)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: Ccap CG4910

            (Ewer, 2001.3.5)

            Source for identity of: CCAP Ccap

            (FlyBase, 2009-)
            Nomenclature comments

            Symbol changed from 'Ccap' to 'CCAP' to reflect usage in the literature.

            (FlyBase, 2009-)
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CCAP
            (Ryu et al., 2026, Ahmad et al., 2025, Asahina and Zelikowsky, 2025, Nässel, 2025, Nässel, 2025, Nässel and Wu, 2022, Christesen et al., 2021, Feng et al., 2021, Ganguly et al., 2021, Nässel, 2021, Hung et al., 2020, Koyama et al., 2020, Luan et al., 2020, Nässel and Zandawala, 2020, Neamtu et al., 2020, Williams et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020, Masuzzo et al., 2019, Nässel et al., 2019, Nässel, 2018, Selcho et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Bahrampour and Thor, 2016, Chen et al., 2016, Mena et al., 2016, Krüger et al., 2015, Harwood et al., 2014, Hwang et al., 2014, Karsai et al., 2013, Lee et al., 2013, Shang et al., 2013, Lahr et al., 2012, Tayler et al., 2012, Gatto and Broadie, 2011, Veverytsa and Allan, 2011, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Hector et al., 2009, Paré et al., 2009, Peabody et al., 2009, Rayburn et al., 2009, Hari et al., 2008, Johnson et al., 2008, Morton et al., 2008, Park et al., 2008, Veenstra et al., 2008, Zhao et al., 2008, Davis et al., 2007, Davis et al., 2007, Luan et al., 2007, Peabody et al., 2007, Vömel and Wegener, 2007, Birse et al., 2006, Ewer, 2006, Hoose et al., 2006, Jorgensen et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Luan et al., 2006, Luan et al., 2006, Luan et al., 2006, Dulcis et al., 2005, Johnson et al., 2005, Casci, 2004, Husain and Ewer, 2004, Park et al., 2004, Dulcis and Levine, 2003, Hewes et al., 2003, Johnson et al., 2003, Nassel, 2002, Peterson et al., 2002, Ewer et al., 2001, vanden Broeck, 2001, Zhang et al., 2000)
            CG4910
            (Mao et al., 2024, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2023-, Perkins et al., 2009, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Vanden Broeck et al., 2001)
            Ccap
            (Mahishi et al., 2024, Reid and O'Brochta, 2016, Kondo and Ueda, 2013, Kondo and Ueda, 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Junion et al., 2007, Santos et al., 2007, Gauthier and Hewes, 2006)
            DmCCAP
            (Park et al., 2003)
            ccap
            (Melcher and Pankratz, 2005)
            Name Synonyms
            CCAP prepropeptide
            (Santos et al., 2007)
            Cardioacceleratory peptide
            (Kondo and Ueda, 2013, Caers et al., 2012, Gauthier and Hewes, 2006, Park et al., 2003)
            Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide
            (Johnson et al., 2008, Peabody et al., 2007, Ewer et al., 2004)
            Crustacean cardioactive peptide
            (Bahrampour and Thor, 2016, Lee et al., 2013, Gatto and Broadie, 2011, Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            crustacean cardioactive peptide
            (Mena et al., 2016, Hwang et al., 2014, Lahr et al., 2012, Gatto and Broadie, 2011, Hector et al., 2009, Paré et al., 2009, Rayburn et al., 2009, Veenstra, 2009, Zhou et al., 2009, Park et al., 2008, Vömel and Wegener, 2008, Davis et al., 2007, Birse et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Johnson et al., 2005)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 30 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              References (142)