FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\β-Spec
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\β-Spec
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
β Spectrin
Annotation Symbol
CG5870
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0250788
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
23 publicly available
Gene Summary
β Spectrin (β-Spec) encodes an essential protein that interacts with the product of α-Spec to form a heterotetramer. The product of β-Spec is typically associated with the plasma membrane. It functions in a lipoprotein pathway that delivers dietary fat to the larval fat body for storage. It is also believed to function in asymmetric division of germ line stem cells via cytoplasmic structures called spectrosomes and fusomes. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Spectrin, βspec, karussell, l(1)G0074, l(1)G0108

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
16B10-16B12
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-57
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:17657372..17669371
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (29 terms)
Molecular Function (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ankyrin binding
inferred from direct assay
(Mazock et al., 2010)
enables microtubule binding
inferred from direct assay
(Sisson et al., 2000)
enables phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding
inferred from direct assay
(Das et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016343
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables actin filament binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001566526
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables phospholipid binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001605
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables structural constituent of cytoskeleton
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016343
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (13 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (11 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hummel et al., 1999)
involved_in axon midline choice point recognition
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Garbe et al., 2007)
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hülsmeier et al., 2007)
involved_in long-term strengthening of neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pielage et al., 2005)
involved_in maintenance of presynaptic active zone structure
inferred from direct assay
(Pielage et al., 2006)
involved_in negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pielage et al., 2005)
involved_in nervous system development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mazock et al., 2010)
involved_in neuromuscular synaptic transmission
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Featherstone et al., 2001)
involved_in photoreceptor cell axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ohler et al., 2011)
involved_in regulation of plasma membrane organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ugrankar et al., 2019)
involved_in regulation of synapse organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pielage et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin cytoskeleton organization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001566526
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in neuron development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000748137
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in axon
inferred from direct assay
(Garbe et al., 2007)
located_in fusome
inferred from direct assay
(de Cuevas et al., 1996)
located_in lateral plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Chen et al., 2009, Das et al., 2008)
located_in neuromuscular junction
inferred from direct assay
(Kohsaka et al., 2007)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Garbe et al., 2007, Das et al., 2006, Sisson et al., 2000)
located_in spectrosome
inferred from direct assay
(de Cuevas et al., 1996)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cell junction
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004321300
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in cortical actin cytoskeleton
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001566526
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004321300
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of spectrin
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016343
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the spectrin family. (Q00963)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
β Spectrin (β-Spec) encodes an essential protein that interacts with the product of α-Spec to form a heterotetramer. The product of β-Spec is typically associated with the plasma membrane. It functions in a lipoprotein pathway that delivers dietary fat to the larval fat body for storage. It is also believed to function in asymmetric division of germ line stem cells via cytoplasmic structures called spectrosomes and fusomes. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SPECTRINS -
Spectrins are key components of the membrane cytoskeleton, mediating actin filament bundling, crosslinking, and binding. They are characterized by spectrin repeats (SRs) and other conserved domains, including calponin homology, EF hand, and calcium-binding motifs. Spectrins are crucial for maintaining cellular structure in diverse tissues, including muscle and neurons. (Adapted from FBrf0262762.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Spectrin is the major constituent of the cytoskeletal network underlying the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It associates with band 4.1 and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner.
(UniProt, Q00963)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
βSpec: beta Spectrin
Structural gene for beta spectrin; The subunit of beta spectrin associates with the subunit of alpha spectrin, forming heterodimers which associate to form tetramers, presumably the most important functional state for spectrin.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\β-Spec for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q00963)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
β-Spec-RA
FBtr0074454
NM_078664
7671
2291
β-Spec-RB
FBtr0334404
NM_001272731
7718
2308
β-Spec-RC
FBtr0334405
NM_001272732
7896
2147
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
β-Spec-PA
FBpp0074228
265.7
2291
4.99
Q00963
NP_523388
AAF48751
β-Spec-PB
FBpp0306507
267.6
2308
4.98
M9PF16
NP_001259660
AGB95502
β-Spec-PC
FBpp0306508
249.6
2147
4.87
M9PHG4
NP_001259661
AGB95503
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

2291 (aa); 235 (kD observed); 266 (kD predicted)

(Byers et al., 1992)

270 (kD)

(Dubreuil et al., 1990)

226 (kD)

(Dubreuil et al., 1987)
Comments

Spectrin subunits are dominated by tandemly

repeated 106-residue motifs. A higher order 848 amino acid supra-motif

composed of eight of the 106-residue motifs was observed in both α-Spec

and β-Spec.

(Byers et al., 1992)
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Native spectrin molecule is a tetramer composed of two antiparallel heterodimers joined head to head so that each end of the native molecule includes the C-terminus of the alpha subunit and the N-terminus of the beta subunit.

(UniProt, Q00963)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\β-Spec using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.49

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage & oogenesis
follicle cell
(Lee et al., 1997)
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 5
ventral furrow
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
cephalic furrow
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 10
amnioproctodeal invagination
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 11 -- 15
somatic muscle primordium
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
tracheal primordium
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic hindgut
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
trunk visceral muscle primordium
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 11 -- 16
epidermis
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 12
ventral midline of embryo
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 12 -- 16
pharyngeal muscle cell
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 15 -- 16
embryonic/larval esophagus
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
late embryonic stage
amnioserosa
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic stage 16
larval somatic muscle cell
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic/larval tracheal section
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
larval visceral muscle cell
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
wandering third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction
• axon
(Pielage et al., 2008)
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction
(Pielage et al., 2008)
oogenesis
fusome of germarium
(de Cuevas et al., 1996)
spectrosome of germarium
(de Cuevas et al., 1996)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data

β-Spec protein is expressed in the axon at the neuromuscular junction into a lattice-like structure.

(Pielage et al., 2008)

β-Spec protein is detected in clusters of S2 cells expressing Nrg associated with the plasma membrane at points of cell-cell contact.

(Dubreuil et al., 1997, Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in axon
inferred from direct assay
(Garbe et al., 2007)
located_in fusome
inferred from direct assay
(de Cuevas et al., 1996)
located_in lateral plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Chen et al., 2009, Das et al., 2008)
located_in neuromuscular junction
inferred from direct assay
(Kohsaka et al., 2007)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Garbe et al., 2007, Das et al., 2006, Sisson et al., 2000)
located_in spectrosome
inferred from direct assay
(de Cuevas et al., 1996)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\β-Spec in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 38 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 28 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of β-Spec
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of β-Spec
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal, with β-Specem21, Scer\GAL4elav.PU
lethal, with β-SpecSCA5.UAS.mEos3.2, Scer\GAL4elav.PU
lethal, with β-SpecSCA5.UAS, Scer\GAL4elav.PU
lethal | larval stage
lethal | pharate adult stage
lethal | prepupal stage
lethal | pupal stage
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of first instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4bab1-Agal4-5
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4mex1.2.1
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
lethal - all die before end of larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
lethal - all die before end of P-stage
lethal - all die during embryonic stage
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal - majority die | recessive
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4HCH.Hand
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
sterile, with β-Specem21
sterile, with β-SpecΔPH.Ubi-p63E.Tag:MYC
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell migration | cell autonomous | somatic clone
abnormal cell polarity, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
abnormal cell shape, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
abnormal locomotor behavior, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4477
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
abnormal neurophysiology
abnormal neurophysiology, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
decreased body size, with β-Specem21
decreased body size, with β-SpecΔPH.Ubi-p63E.Tag:MYC
decreased rate of movement | recessive
hyperplasia | cell autonomous | somatic clone
short lived
short lived, with β-Specem6, Scer\GAL4elav-C155
short lived, with β-SpecUAS.cMa.Tag:MYC, Scer\GAL4elav-C155
some die during embryonic stage
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during first instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4bab1-Agal4-5
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4mex1.2.1
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
some die during pharate adult stage
some die during third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
visible, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
actin cytoskeleton | cell autonomous | somatic clone
adult olfactory receptor neuron Or47b, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
adult olfactory receptor neuron Or67d, with Scer\GAL4Or67d-GAL4-1
border follicle cell | cell autonomous | somatic clone
bouton, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
copper cell
dendritic tree | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
embryonic/larval midgut | embryonic stage
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
fat cell | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4DcG
growth cone
hub cell
larva | third instar larval stage
larval anterior commissure
larval longitudinal connective
larval multidendritic class IV neuron | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4477
larval multidendritic class IV neuron | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
larval posterior commissure
larval ventral nerve cord commissure
larval VO2 motor neuron
lipid droplet | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4DcG
macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4rn-GAL4-14
main body follicle cell | cell autonomous | somatic clone
medial longitudinal fascicle | ectopic
medulla | somatic clone
microtubule cytoskeleton, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
microtubule cytoskeleton & axon, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
NMJ bouton, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
NMJ bouton, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
oocyte | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
oocyte nucleus | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
plasma membrane | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4DcG
postsynaptic membrane, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
presynaptic active zone | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
presynaptic active zone | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Or67d-GAL4-1
pupa
synapse
synapse, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
synapse | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
synapse | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Or67d-GAL4-1
synaptic vesicle, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
vesicle, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
wing, with Scer\GAL4221
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
wing, with Scer\GAL4rn-GAL4-14
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (54)
Hsap\SPTBN1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\SPTBN2
12 of 14
No
Yes
3  
Hsap\SPTB
11 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\SPTBN4
8 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\SPTBN5
5 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTA1
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPTAN1
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACTN1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACTN2
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACTN3
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACTN4
2 of 14
No
No
5  
Hsap\CLMN
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DST
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MICALL2
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ARHGAP12
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ARHGAP15
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ARHGAP21
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ARHGAP23
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ARHGAP27
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DIXDC1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\DMD
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\EHBP1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\EHBP1L1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\FLNA
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\FLNB
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\FLNC
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LCP1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MACF1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MICAL1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICAL2
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICAL3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MICALL1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\NAV2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PARVA
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PARVB
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PARVG
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLEC
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLEKHA2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\PLEKHA6
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLS1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PLS3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PSD2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSD3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSD4
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PSD
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMTN
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMTNL1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMTNL2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPECC1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SPECC1L
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SYNE1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SYNE2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TIAM1
1 of 14
No
No
4  
Hsap\UTRN
1 of 14
No
No
7  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (48)
Rnor\Sptbn1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Sptb
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Sptbn2
11 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Sptbn4
8 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Sptbn5
4 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Spta1
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sptan1
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Actn1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Actn2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Actn3
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Actn4
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Clmn
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Arhgap12
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Arhgap15
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Arhgap21
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Arhgap23
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Arhgap27
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dmd
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dst
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ehbp1l1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ehbp1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Flnb
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Flnc
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Lcp1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Macf1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mical2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mical3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Micall1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Micall2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Parva
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Parvb
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Parvg
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Plec
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Plekha2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Pls1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pls3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psd2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psd3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psd4
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psd
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smtnl1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smtnl2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smtn
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sos1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Specc1l
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Specc1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tiam1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Utrn
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (50)
Mmus\Sptbn1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Sptbn2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Sptb
11 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Sptbn4
9 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Sptbn5
4 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sptan1
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Actn1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Actn2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Actn3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Actn4
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Clmn
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Dst
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Spta1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Arhgap12
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Arhgap15
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Arhgap21
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Arhgap23
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Arhgap27
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Dmd
1 of 14
No
No
3  
Mmus\Ehbp1l1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ehbp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Flnb
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Flnc
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Lcp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Macf1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mical2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mical3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Micall1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Micall2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Parva
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Parvb
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Parvg
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Plec
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Plekha2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Pls1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pls3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psd2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psd3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psd4
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psd
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smtnl1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smtnl2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smtn
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Sos1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Specc1l
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Specc1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Syne1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Syne2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tiam1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Utrn
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (27)
Xtro\sptbn2
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\sptbn4
7 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\sptbn1
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\sptb
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\sptbn5
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\actn1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\actn4
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\clmn
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\sptan1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\abhd17c
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\actn2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\actn3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\arhgap21
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\dmd.3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ehbp1l1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\flnc
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\man1a1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mical3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\micall1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\micall2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pls1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\prrx2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\smtnl2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\smtn
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\specc1l
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\specc1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\taco1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (66)
Drer\sptb
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\sptbn1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC558044
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\sptbn2
9 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\sptbn5
5 of 14
No
No
Drer\sptbn4a
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:zfos-1837d3.1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\sptan1
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn2b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn3a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn3b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn4
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\actn2a
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\arhgap21a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\arhgap21b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\arhgap23a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\arhgap23b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\clmna
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\clmnb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\dmd
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\dst
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ehbp1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ehbp1l1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ehbp1l1b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\flna
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\flnb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\flnca
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\flncb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\lcp1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC101886286
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC110440135
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\macf1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical2a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical2b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical3a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mical3b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\micall1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\micall1b.2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\micall2a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\micall2b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\parvaa
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\parvab
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\parvb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\parvg
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pleca
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\plecb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\plekha5
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pls1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pls3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psd2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psd3l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psda
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\si:ch211-195o20.7
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtna
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtnb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtnl1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smtnl
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\specc1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\specc1la
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\specc1lb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\syne1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\syne1b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\syne2a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\zgc:165653
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (15)
Cele\unc-70
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\sma-1
4 of 14
No
No
Cele\spc-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\atn-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\anc-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\efa-6
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\ehbp-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\F26F4.5
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fln-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fln-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\M116.5
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\pat-6
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\plst-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\T15B12.1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\vab-10
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (16)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010895
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004440
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\ACTN_ANOGA
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006686
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000774
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000906
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002356
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002688
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004071
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004256
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006590
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007006
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009554
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011396
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011397
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011702
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (6)
Atha\AT2G04750
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT4G21820
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT5G48460
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT5G55400
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\FIM1
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\FIM5
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\SAC6
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\ain1
4 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\fim1
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:β-Spec. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (17)
kst
8 of 13
Actn
6 of 13
α-Spec
5 of 13
Dys
3 of 13
jbug
2 of 13
shot
2 of 13
CG5984
1 of 13
CG34417
1 of 13
cher
1 of 13
Dyb
1 of 13
Efa6
1 of 13
Ehbp1
1 of 13
Fim
1 of 13
MICAL-like
1 of 13
parvin
1 of 13
sif
1 of 13
spdi
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 10 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
SPTBN1; spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 1
14 of 14
182790
    SPTBN2; spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 2
    12 of 14
    SPECTRIN, BETA, NONERYTHROCYTIC, 2; SPTBN2
     
    SPTB; spectrin beta, erythrocytic
    11 of 14
    182870
     
    SPTBN4; spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 4
    8 of 14
    606214
      SPTBN5; spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 5
      5 of 14
      605916
          SPTA1; spectrin alpha, erythrocytic 1
          3 of 14
          182860
          SPTAN1; spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1
          3 of 14
          182810
          Functional Complementation Data
          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
          Interactions
          Summary of Physical Interactions
          Summary of Genetic Interactions
          Interaction Browsers
          View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
          Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          β-Spec
          enhanceable
          DCTN1-p150
          (Lorenzo et al., 2010)
          β-Spec
          enhanceable
          Dhc64C
          (Lorenzo et al., 2010)
          β-Spec
          enhanceable
          robo1|sli
          (Garbe et al., 2007)
          β-Spec
          enhanceable
          sli
          (Hülsmeier et al., 2007)
          β-Spec
          enhanceable
          α-Spec
          (Garbe et al., 2007)
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          crb
          enhanceable
          β-Spec
          (Chen et al., 2009)
          DCTN1-p150
          enhanceable
          β-Spec
          (Lorenzo et al., 2010)
          robo1|sli
          enhanceable
          β-Spec
          (Garbe et al., 2007)
          sli
          enhanceable
          β-Spec
          (Garbe et al., 2007)
          sli|robo1
          enhanceable
          β-Spec
          (Garbe et al., 2007)
          α-Spec
          enhanceable
          β-Spec
          (Garbe et al., 2007)
          External Data
          Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
          Native spectrin molecule is a tetramer composed of two antiparallel heterodimers joined head to head so that each end of the native molecule includes the C-terminus of the alpha subunit and the N-terminus of the beta subunit.
          (UniProt, Q00963 )
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Pathways
          Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
          Metabolic Pathways
          FlyBase
          External Links
          External Data
          Linkouts
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Class of Gene
          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
          Chromosome (arm)
          X
          Recombination map
          1-57
          Cytogenetic map
          16B10-16B12
          Sequence location
          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Evidence for location
          16B10-16B12
          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}bazEP1446 and P{EP}EP1464
          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Notes
          References
          16C1-16C2
          (determined by in situ hybridisation) 16D1--2 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Peter et al., 2002)
          16C1-16C2
          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Schäfer et al., 1999.6.15)
          16D1-16D2
          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Schäfer et al., 1999.3.29)
          16C1-16C4
          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Byers et al., 1989)
          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
          Location

          1-57

          (FlyBase, 2016)

          1-58.1

          (Comeron et al., 2012)

          1-55 +/- 2

          (Hummel et al., 1999)
          Left of (cM)
          Right of (cM)
          Notes
          Stocks and Reagents
          Stocks (23)
          Genomic Clones (13)
           

          Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

          cDNA Clones (116)
           

          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

            For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             

            polyclonal

            (Thomas and Kiehart, 1994, Dubreuil et al., 1990)
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                β-Spec is essential in neurons, but is not required in other cells for development of fertile adult males, although females lacking non-neural spectrin are sterile.

                (Mazock et al., 2010)

                β-Spec is required for normal axonal morphogenesis and is required to establish or maintain the normal structure of growth cones needed for precise axonal patterning.

                (Hülsmeier et al., 2007)

                β-Spec is required for the efficient localisation of Ank to the postsynaptic SSR.

                (Pielage et al., 2006)

                β-Spec functions, with α-Spec, at the presynapse as an essential presynaptic scaffold that may link synaptic cell adhesion with the stabilization of the underlying microtubule cytoskeleton.

                (Pielage et al., 2005)

                dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

                (Kiger et al., 2003)

                The absence of spectrins disrupts neurotransmission but does not alter postsynaptic glutamate receptor field function or the ultrastructural localization of presynaptic vesicles. The subcellular location of many synaptic proteins is affected.

                (Featherstone et al., 2001)

                Spectrin is necessary for the capture and tethering of membrane associated proteins required for presynaptic neurotransmitter release.

                (Featherstone et al., 2001)

                Mutations in β-Spec are lethal during late embryonic/early larval development and produce subtle defects in midgut morphology and stomach acid secretion.

                (Dubreuil et al., 2000)

                Four EMS induced alleles were identified in a screen for mutations affecting commissure formation in the CNS of the embryo.

                (Hummel et al., 1999)

                Elimination of α-Spec from follicle cells does not appear to prevent the assembly of conventional β-Spec and Ank products at the lateral domain of the follicle cell plasma membrane. However α-Spec is required for the correct localization of ΒH-spectrin to the apical surface.

                (Lee et al., 1997)

                The β-Spec gene product is a component of both fusomes and spectrosomes.

                (de Cuevas et al., 1996)

                The distribution of β-Spec product suggests roles in establishing an apicolateral membrane domain that is known to be rich in intercellular junctions and in establishing a unique membrane domain associated with contractile processes.

                (Thomas and Kiehart, 1994)

                Recombinant proteins constructs of α-Spec and β-Spec, whose primary structures correspond to the regions required for tail end interchain binding, demonstrate that interchain binding depends on multiple sites within both the nonrepetitive segments and adjacent repetitive segments of both chains.

                (Viel and Branton, 1994)

                A β-Spec cDNA has been sequenced and the predicted amino acid sequence has been compared with a number of other spectrins.

                (Byers et al., 1992)

                β-spectrin forms an elongated heterodimer with α-spectrin to form an important cytoskeletal component.

                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: β-Spec l(1)G0198 l(1)G0074 l(1)G0108

                (Peter et al., 2002)

                Source for merge of: β-Spec kus

                (Hülsmeier et al., 2007)

                Source for merge of: β-Spec anon- EST:fe1B3

                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                Additional comments

                Source for merge of β-Spec anon- EST:fe1B3 was sequence comparison ( date:030620 ).

                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology

                "karussell" means "merry-go-round" in German.

                (Hummel et al., 1999)
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (37)
                Reported As
                Symbol Synonym
                B-spec
                (Gistelinck et al., 2012, Shulman et al., 2011)
                BSpec
                (Neisch et al., 2025)
                CG5870
                (Kolkhof et al., 2017, Çiçek et al., 2016, Harris et al., 2016, Hurd et al., 2016, Balakrishnan et al., 2015, Rosa-Ferreira et al., 2015, Jaspers et al., 2012, Cammarato et al., 2011, Khanna et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Stuart et al., 2007, Battersby et al., 2003, Bourbon et al., 2002, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
                SPEC8
                (Bassett et al., 1997)
                Spec
                (Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Stahl et al., 2007)
                Spec-β
                (Madueno et al., 1995)
                Spectrin
                (Johnson, 2021)
                Specβ
                (Madueno et al., 1995)
                anon-EST:fe1B3
                b spectrin
                (DAS et al., 2007)
                b-Spec
                (Peter et al., 2002)
                beta-Spec
                (Hirano et al., 2016, Chen et al., 2015, Mukherjee et al., 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, Yamamoto et al., 2013-, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Beller et al., 2006, Giot et al., 2003)
                beta-spec
                (Kallappagoudar et al., 2010)
                i168
                (Battersby et al., 2003)
                i6
                (Battersby et al., 2003)
                kus
                (Hülsmeier et al., 2007)
                l(1)G0074
                (Schäfer et al., 1999.3.29, Schäfer et al., 1999.6.15)
                l(1)G0108
                (Schäfer et al., 1999.3.29)
                l(1)G0198
                (Schäfer et al., 1999.6.15)
                β
                (Dubreuil et al., 1995)
                β-Spec
                (Rommelaere et al., 2025, Garcia-Vaquero et al., 2023, Buckley and St Johnston, 2022, Meyer et al., 2022, Bouska and Bai, 2021, Uçkun et al., 2021, Deng et al., 2020, Graves et al., 2020, Tiwari et al., 2019, Yee et al., 2019, Qu et al., 2017, Piegholdt et al., 2016, Schwartz et al., 2016, Ohler et al., 2011, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Hülsmeier et al., 2007, Wei et al., 2004)
                β-spec
                (Miao et al., 2024, Duan et al., 2018, Khanna et al., 2015, Mosca and Luo, 2014, Ramachandran et al., 2009, Hülsmeier et al., 2007, Pielage et al., 2006, Kai et al., 2005, Jasper et al., 2002)
                β-spectrin
                (He et al., 2016)
                βHeavy-Spec
                (Finegan and Bergstralh, 2020)
                βSpec
                (Fletcher et al., 2018, Stuart et al., 2007, Bilder and Perrimon, 2000)
                βspec
                (Avery et al., 2017, Das et al., 2008, Featherstone et al., 2001)
                Name Synonyms
                Beta spectrin
                (Lu et al., 2025)
                Beta-spectrin
                (Khanna et al., 2010)
                Spectrin
                (Niki, 2006, Warren et al., 2004, Hoover and Bryant, 2002, Bellaiche et al., 2001, Chavez et al., 2000)
                anon-fast-evolving-1B3
                beta Spectrin
                (Jaspers et al., 2012, Cammarato et al., 2011)
                beta-spectrin
                (Trauner et al., 2003)
                karussell
                (Hülsmeier et al., 2007, Hummel et al., 1999, Hummel et al., 1999)
                spectrin
                (Meyer and Paululat, 2025, Cereijido et al., 2003, Martinez Arias, 1993)
                β Spectrin
                (Graves et al., 2020, Mazock et al., 2010)
                β spectrin
                (Mazock et al., 2010, Das et al., 2006, Dubreuil et al., 1997)
                β-III-Spectrin
                (Kilo et al., 2021)
                β-Spectrin
                (Schmidt and Grosshans, 2018, Boulanger et al., 2012, Tjota et al., 2011, Chen et al., 2009, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Kohsaka et al., 2007, Pielage et al., 2006, Schimmelpfeng et al., 2006, Wei et al., 2004)
                β-spectrin
                (Cammarota et al., 2020, Gou et al., 2020, Metwally et al., 2019, Ugrankar et al., 2019, Khanna et al., 2015, Blunk et al., 2014, Forrest et al., 2013, Shulman et al., 2011, Bachmann et al., 2010, Lorenzo et al., 2010, Ramachandran et al., 2009, Denef et al., 2008, Koch et al., 2008, Nam et al., 2008, Pielage et al., 2008, Garbe et al., 2007, Hülsmeier et al., 2007, Yamashita et al., 2005, Ghosh-Roy et al., 2004, Roper et al., 2002, Deng and Lin, 2001, Smith, 2001, Viel et al., 1998, de Cuevas et al., 1997, Lin, 1997, de Cuevas et al., 1996, Dubreuil et al., 1990)
                Secondary FlyBase IDs
                • FBgn0027278
                • FBgn0026686
                • FBgn0026676
                • FBgn0025269
                • FBgn0003471
                • FBgn0026229
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 57 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
                Linkouts
                BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                References (238)