FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Gene: Dmel\cno
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\cno
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
canoe
Annotation Symbol
CG42312
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0259212
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
canoe (cno) encodes a scaffold protein in adherens junctions that is involved in morphogenesis in a variety of tissues. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

lips, afadin, lip

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-47.5
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:5170004..5217456
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (24 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Ran; FB:FBgn0020255
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:pins; FB:FBgn0040080
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Rap1; FB:FBgn0004636
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (15 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (12 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mbt; FB:FBgn0025743
involved_in dorsal closure
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ran; FB:FBgn0020255
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:pins; FB:FBgn0040080
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:smo; FB:FBgn0003444
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:bsk; FB:FBgn0000229
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002572007
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002572007
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000159
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell cortex
inferred from direct assay
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in rhabdomere
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in adherens junction
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000044747
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR028842
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008499181
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
canoe (cno) encodes a scaffold protein in adherens junctions that is involved in morphogenesis in a variety of tissues. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of hedgehog signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the activation of transcription of hh-responsive genes.
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
cno: canoe
Homozygous lethal; dorsal surface of embryo open.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

glgf/dhr motif scaffolding protein - interacts with genes in both the Notch and the Ras pathways - in a complex with Pins, Canoe contributes to proper Mud localization and spindle orientation, as well as to the correct asymmetric distribution of cell-fate determinants in metaphase NBs

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
8
Number of Unique Polypeptides
7

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\cno for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VN82)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

No evidence for 13aa QQQRYLGQSLPAE from SWP:Q24279 in the 18th exon of this gene.

Gene model reviewed during 6.03

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0299709
7597
1882
FBtr0299710
6252
1817
FBtr0300525
6987
2051
FBtr0334910
5707
1721
FBtr0334911
6687
1951
FBtr0334912
6738
1968
FBtr0334913
9118
1818
FBtr0347363
10585
2051
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

8.2, 7.5, 7.0 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0288987
208.9
1882
7.83
FBpp0288988
200.5
1817
7.78
FBpp0289752
226.9
2051
7.23
FBpp0306931
190.0
1721
7.19
FBpp0306932
216.3
1951
7.62
FBpp0306933
218.1
1968
7.06
FBpp0306934
200.6
1818
7.74
FBpp0312543
226.9
2051
7.23
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

2051 aa isoforms: cno-PE, cno-PJ
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

1893 (aa); 200 (kD observed)

Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\cno using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.87

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
epithelial cell

Comment: within polygonal cortical network

epithelium

Comment: within polygonal cortical network

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

In wild type embryos, cno transcripts are expressed in dorsal-ventral oriented rows of cells in the posterior portion of each thoracic and abdominal segment. cno was shown to be induced by ubiquitous Ubx expression. cno expression in various homeotic mutant backgrounds was also described.

cno transcripts are most abundant in embryos, decrease in larvae, and increase again in pupae and adults. The relative abundance of the three transcript species varies with developmental stage. In early stage 5 embryos, a low uniform level of cno transcripts is seen. At the cellular blastoderm stage, expression is seen along the dorsal midline and in three ectodermal stripes in the central region of the embryo. During stages 7-10, expression is confined to the dorsal furrows and the posterior midgut rudiment. Ectodermal expression becomes evident in stage 10. In stage 13, focal stainings are detected near the attachment site of the midgut with the foregut and hindgut. In eye discs, cno is expressed ubiquitously with a higher concentration of transcripts in the lateral edge region.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immuno-electron microscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

cno protein is localized to the adherens junctions of neuroepithelial cell in the larval inner and outer optic anlagen.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell cortex
inferred from direct assay
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in rhabdomere
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\cno in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 93 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 31 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of cno
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of cno
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
macrochaeta & postpronotum
macrochaeta & scutellum
macrochaeta & scutum
macrochaeta & wing
rhabdomere R1 & microvillus
rhabdomere R4 & microvillus
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (26)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (19)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (17)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (9)
5 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (24)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (13)
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
2 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:cno. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-47.5
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
82F3-82F6
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0273302733 and P{EP}EP974
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
82E-82F
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (47)
Genomic Clones (44)
cDNA Clones (54)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      cno is required for normal proneural wave progression.

      A Ser-N-cno complex mediates essential interactions between glia and neuroepithelial cells in optic lobe development.

      cno regulates linkage between adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton during morphogenesis.

      RNAi generated by PCR using primers directed to this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.

      R and cno proteins act in the same molecular pathway during dorsal closure and the function of both proteins in dorsal closure depends on their ability to interact with each other. R acts upstream of cno in dorsal closure, but unlike cno, is not involved in the stimulation of JNK pathway activity.

      dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

      New annotation (CG31537) in release 3 of the genome annotation.

      Both loss-of-function mutations of cno and overexpression of cno result in malformation of the rhabdomeres in the ommatidia.

      Mutants are isolated in an EMS mutagenesis screen to identify zygotic mutations affecting germ cell migration at discrete points during embryogenesis: mutants exhibit pattern defects (dorsal open).

      cno protein binds directly to pyd protein.

      cno is involved in the JNK pathway for dorsal closure in embryos, as a modulator acting upstream of or in parallel with Rac1.

      The mechanism by which cno product controls cone cell formation in the developing compound eye is studied.

      lips is likely to be cno based on sequence identity and sequence of a nonsense cno mutation.

      Isolated during a subtractive hybridisation protocol to identify Ubx-activated target genes. Ubx inducible during embryogenesis.

      Genetic interactions suggest that cno participates with members of the N pathway in regulating adhesive cell-cell interactions for the determination of cell fate.

      cno mutants display failure of dorsal closure.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: lip cno

      Source for merge of: cno CG31537

      Source for merge of: cno anon-WO0172774.47

      Additional comments

      snRNA:U4atac:82E is encoded in an intron of cno.

      Annotations CG2534 and CG31537 merged as CG42312 in release 5.9 of the genome annotation.

      "S(CycEJP)68S10" is unlikely to correspond to "cno"; mutations in the two loci complement each other.

      Source for merge of cno anon-WO0172774.47 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).

      Eleven further alleles (all EMS) discarded by Tubingen.

      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: cno CG2534

      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (19)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      anon-WO0172774.47
      dlhA
      mis
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0000340
      • FBgn0000465
      • FBgn0005637
      • FBgn0046384
      • FBgn0051537
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 94 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
      References (242)