FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\flr

FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026

FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026

Gene: Dmel\flr

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\flr

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

flare

Annotation Symbol

CG10724

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0260049

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

19 publicly available

Gene Summary

flare (flr) encodes the Drosophila Actin Interacting protein 1. It functions with the product of tsr (cofillin) to promote F-actin disassembly. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Aip1

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3L:13,412,843..13,416,453 [+]

Recombination map

3-40

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:13412843..13416453

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)

Molecular Function (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables actin filament binding

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Biological Process (9 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in actin filament depolymerization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ren et al., 2007)

involved_in border follicle cell migration

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Poukkula et al., 2014)

involved_in establishment of planar polarity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ren et al., 2007)

involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ren et al., 2007)

involved_in negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:GMF; FB:FBgn0028894,FLYBASE:Arpc5; FB:FBgn0031437

(Poukkula et al., 2014)

involved_in regulation of actin filament depolymerization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ren et al., 2007)

involved_in regulation of actin filament polymerization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Poukkula et al., 2014)

involved_in sarcomere organization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Schnorrer et al., 2010)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in actin filament depolymerization

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in locomotion

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001068817

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in sarcomere organization

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458111

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoskeleton

inferred from direct assay

(Ren et al., 2007)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cortical actin cytoskeleton

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the WD repeat AIP1 family. (Q9VU68)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

flare (flr) encodes the Drosophila Actin Interacting protein 1. It functions with the product of tsr (cofillin) to promote F-actin disassembly. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins (PubMed:17565945). Together with GMF, promotes Arp2/3-nucleated actin filament array disassembly (PubMed:25308079). Essential for organismal and cell viability (PubMed:17565945). Required for the development of normal wing cell planar polarity (PubMed:17565945). In egg chambers and together with GMF, plays an important role in directional migration of border cell clusters (PubMed:25308079).

(UniProt, Q9VU68)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

flr: flare

Chaetae and trichomes in thorax and abdomen abnormally shaped. Chaetae have rudimentary sockets, and shaft is frequently crooked and branched. Trichomes transformed into multiple short outgrowths which appear as swellings on wing cells and as rosettes in abdominal cuticle cells. Homozygotes are zygotic lethals but cell viable; homozygous clones may have reduced survival in thorax but not in abdomen. Excellent marker for homozygous 3L clones.

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

2

Number of Unique Polypeptides

2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\flr for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VU68)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

FBtr0075845

2275

608

FBtr0075846

2210

604

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

FBpp0075581

66.5

608

6.72

FBpp0075582

66.1

604

6.72

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

Q9VU68

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\flr using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

flr_1
flr_2

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.58

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

• pole plasm

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk visceral muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

somatic muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

dorsal pharyngeal muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval muscle system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval somatic muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval visceral muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoskeleton

inferred from direct assay

(Ren et al., 2007)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\flr in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\flr

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\flr

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0260049

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39505/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0260049

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0260049

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0260049

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG10724

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0260049

Images

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 17 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of flr

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of flr

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )

Gene not disrupted in

(Bishop et al., 1999)

Inferred from location ( 4 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

flr^GD12603

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

flr^GD12603

partially lethal - majority die | recessive

flr⁴

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

flr^GD12603

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

flr^GD12603

viable | somatic clone

flr¹

Sterility

Allele

flr^EY10317

Other Phenotypes

Allele

some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

flr^GD12603

visible (with flr⁴)

flr^EY05812

visible (with flr^EY05812)

flr⁴

visible | recessive | somatic clone

flr⁵

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

border follicle cell, with Scer\GAL4^c306

cytoplasmic microtubule | somatic clone

flr⁴

filamentous actin, with Scer\GAL4^c306

flr^GD12603

filamentous actin | somatic clone

flr⁵

flr¹

macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^c306

flr^GD12603

flr¹

sarcomere, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

flr^GD12603

flr¹

flr¹

wing hair (with flr⁴)

flr^EY05812

wing hair (with flr^EY05812)

flr⁴

wing hair | somatic clone

Z disc, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

flr^GD12603

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (28)

14 of 14

Yes

Yes

2 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Hsap\LOC102724159

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

11

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (15)

14 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (16)

13 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (16)

11 of 13

Yes

Yes

2 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (17)

2 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\zmp:0000000529

1 of 14

No

No

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (12)

14 of 14

Yes

Yes

13 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (16)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002509

12 of 12

Yes

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002019

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002114

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002144

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002173

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002776

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP005915

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP007739

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP008908

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP009506

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP009615

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP009942

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010693

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012029

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012731

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\BOP1_ANOGA

1 of 12

No

No

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (20)

13 of 13

Yes

Yes

12 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (8)

12 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (10)

Spom\SPAC9G1.05

12 of 12

Yes

Yes

2 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

Spom\SPBC4F6.13c

1 of 12

No

No

Spom\SPCC18.05c

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:flr. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (13)

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

WDR1; WD repeat domain 1

14 of 14

PERIODIC FEVER, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA SYNDROME; PFITS

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

flr - regucalcin

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Chu et al., 2012)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

enhanceable

(Poukkula et al., 2014)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Gregory et al., 2007)

enhanceable

(Pham et al., 2008)

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

64849

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0260049

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39505

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39505

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Platelet degranulation

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

Q9VU68

Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

3L

Recombination map

3-40

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3L:13,412,843..13,416,453 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

70A8-70B1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)04220⁰⁴²²⁰&P{lacW}l(3)j10B6^j10B6 and P{PZ}stv⁰⁰⁵⁴³

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

70A-70B

(Ren et al., 2007)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-40

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-34.7

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-39

(Martin, 1995.12.5)

3-38.8

Left of (cM)

Diap1

Right of (cM)

hry

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (19)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

1132

2371

flr³/TM3, Ser¹

50824

w^*; P{PTT-GA}flr^CA07499

17664

y¹ w^67c23; P{EPgy2}flr^EY10317

32102

w^*; p^p flr⁴/TM6B, Tb¹

62021

w¹¹¹⁸; Mi{ET1}flr^MB10707B/TM6C, Sb¹

101639

101640

101641

107290

flr³/TM3, Ser¹

v108442

P{KK100083}VIE-260B

v22851

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD12603}v22851

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (13)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (79)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0260049

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0260049

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Chu et al., 2012)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

flr is required for F-actin disassembly in pupal epidermal cells. flr is also required for normal wing cell planar polarity.

(Ren et al., 2007)

S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

(Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R⁺ cell morphology.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

The genotoxicity of six insecticides has been analysed using the wing spot test.

(Osaba et al., 1999)

The wing spot test has been used to assay the antigenotoxicity of a number of compounds.

(Graf et al., 1998)

SMART is well suited for the determination of genotoxicity produced by in vivo nitrosation processes and for the study of their modulation by individual compounds or dietary complex mixtures.

(Guzman Rincon et al., 1998)

The genotoxic effect of the essential oils of O.vulgare, C.capitata and S.thymbra is tested using the SMART assay: the oils do not show any mutagenic or recombinagenic activity.

(Karpouhtsis et al., 1998)

The genotoxic effect DEHP is tested using the SMART assay, results reveal DEHP does not have a genotoxic effect.

(Kawai, 1998)

The genotoxic effect of 4 inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases has been studied using the wing spot assay.

(Torres et al., 1998)

Ethanol reduces the mutagenic effect of γ-irradiation in SMART assay, mainly by decreasing the frequency of mitotic recombination.

(Zakharenko and Zakharov, 1998)

The genotoxic effect of integerrimine (ITR) are analysed using the wing spot test: ITR is genotoxic.

(Campesato et al., 1997)

Mutants do not exhibit defects in the denticle belt of hairs of the larvae.

(Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997)

Vicinal chloroalcohols are investigated for genotoxicity in the wing spot test (SMART): tested compounds are non-genotoxic in this in vivo assay.

(Frei and Wurgler, 1997)

Sodium azide is tested for somatic mutation and mitotic recombination induction in wing imaginal disc cells using the wing spot test. Sodium azide induces exclusively mitotic recombination in wing somatic cells after chronic exposure. This activity is reduced in the presence of high bioactivation capacity.

(Gonzalez-Cesar and Ramos-Morales, 1997)

The genotoxic effect PhIP is tested using the SMART assay, results reveal PhIP has a DNA-damaging activity.

(Kasai et al., 1997)

The mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity of electromagnetic fields is estimated using the wing spot test in larvae, exposure causes a statistically significant enhancement of somatic recombination. Supplement of vitamin E suppresses this enhancement.

(Koana et al., 1997)

Wing spots in the SMART reveal enzyme-sulfhydryl blocking agents, such as MMTS and DPDS, are effective antimutagens in vivo.

(Nakamura et al., 1997)

The effect of chlorophyll on the genotoxic activity of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide has been studied using the wing spot test.

(Negishi et al., 1997)

The genotoxic effects of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) and acetone oxime (ACOX) are tested using the SMART test. The effect of Hsap\GST on the genotoxic effect is studied: flies carrying three or more copies of Hsap\GST are significantly more resistant to the genotoxic effect of ACOX.

(Ryskova et al., 1997)

SMART is used to test the genotoxic effect of fullerene C-60: only at the highest possible fullerene concentration a slight genotoxic effect was observed in wing cells.

(Zakharenko et al., 1997)

Only the maximum possible content of fullerene C₆₀ produces a slight genotoxic effect when using the SMART test.

(Zakharenko et al., 1997)

Assays of a series of compounds in the wing spot test indicates the single mwh spots appear most frequently, followed by less frequent twin spots and then the quite rare flr spots. Some compounds behave in this manner, others do not in that the frequency of single flr spots is equal to or exceeds that of twin spots.

(Zimmering et al., 1997)

The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay four inhibitors of eukaryotic topoisomerases for genotoxic effects.

(Frei and Wurgler, 1996)

The spectrum of genotoxic events detected by the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and the wⁱ eye spot test is different. The wⁱ eye spot test appears not to detect mitotic recombination the way the wing spot test does.

(Graf and Wuergler, 1996)

The genetic effects of exposure to a range of concentrations of alpha particles has been studied using the wing-spot test.

(Pimentel et al., 1996)

Six alkylating agents have been ranked as follows according to their genotoxic potency in the wing spot test: methyl methanesulfonate > mitomycin C > N-dimethylnitrosamine > chlorambucil ~ monocrotaline > N-diethylnitrosamine.

(Rodriguez-Arnaiz et al., 1996)

The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay for genotoxic effects of griseofulvin.

(Tripathy et al., 1996)

The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay for genotoxicity of tetracycline hydrochloride.

(Tripathy et al., 1996)

The genotoxicity of 6 phenazine and aminophenazine derivatives is assayed using the wing spot test in larvae, chemicals exhibit significant mutagenicity.

(Watanabe et al., 1996)

The relative biological effectiveness of ²⁵²Cf neutrons has been determined for two different types of somatic mutations, the wing-spot test (using mwh and flr) and reversion of eye-colour (using w).

(Yoshikawa et al., 1996)

The effects of 10 carcinogens on the wing spot test are evaluated.

(Batiste-Alentorn et al., 1995)

Three assays (z-w, wⁱ and wing spot) are used to evaluate the genotoxic response of five chemicals classified as genotoxic non-carcinogens, chemicals significantly increase the frequency of mutant clones.

(Batiste-Alentorn et al., 1995)

The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to test for any genotoxic effects of tannic acid.

(Cunha et al., 1995)

The wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of larvae is used to evaluate the genotoxicity of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three of their nitro derivatives, genotoxic activity can be detected in somatic cells.

(Delgado-Rodriguez et al., 1995)

In young larvae only a few but very large spots are induced by application of a mutagen in the wing spot test. In older larvae the frequency is considerably increased but the sizes are smaller. Practically no twin spots (result of mitotic recombination) are found in young or in very old larvae. Results demonstrate the optimal age of the larvae for mutagen treatment is 72 hours.

(Graf, 1995)

Wing spot test is used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of griseofulvin in somatic larval cells, griseofulvin is genotoxic in somatic cells.

(Inoue et al., 1995)

Genotoxic activity in vivo of the naturally occurring glucoside, cycasin, is assayed in the wing spot test.

(Kawai et al., 1995)

Mitotic location: 49.

(Martin, 1995.12.5)

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), when used as a pretreatment, protects against mutation/recombination induced by γ rays and chromium (VI) oxide in larvae in the wing spot test.

(Olvera et al., 1995)

The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B₁ and aflatoxin M₁.

(Shibahara et al., 1995)

Wing spot test reveals two triazine herbicides, terbutryn and terbuthylazin, are genotoxic in the wing primordia.

(Tripathy et al., 1995)

Wing spot test reveals the triazine herbicide, simazine, is genotoxic in the wing primordia.

(Tripathy et al., 1995)

The attached X and mwh/flr spot test system were used to demonstrate that ginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza have inhibitory effects on the in vivo mutagenicity induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) during spermatogenesis.

(Choi et al., 1994)

The wing spot test has been used to demonstrate that the somatic mutation and recombination test can be used for the genotoxic activity of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

(Graf et al., 1994)

The adenine derivatives, (R,S)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine, D-eritadenine and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, are potent inducers of both single spots and twin spots in a wing-spot assay.

(Marec and Gelbic, 1994)

Wing spot tests rank the genotoxic effectiveness of a number of metal salts in the following order: CoCl₂ > ZnCl₂ > MoCl₃ > (MnCl₂, NiCl₂).

(Ogawa et al., 1994)

Somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) is used to determine the relevance of the in vitro effects induced by benzophenone-3: benzophenone-3 is not genotoxic.

(Robison et al., 1994)

Wing-spot assay is used to evaluate the quantitative relationship between BaP-DNA adduct formation, determined by ³²P-postlabelling, and the induction of phenotypically mutant cells.

(Zordan et al., 1994)

Chloral hydrate is recombinogenic in the wing spot test.

(Zordan et al., 1994)

Arsenic acid has an inhibitory effect on the induction of wing spots by gamma irradiation or alkylating agents in a wing-spot assay.

(de la Rosa et al., 1994)

High temperatures cause a small number of mwh spots in the wing-spot assay and cold temperatures yield much greater number of single spots.

(Katz and Foley, 1993)

The effect of chlorophyllin on the genotoxicity of chromium(VI) oxide in larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr is assayed using the wing spot somatic test.

(Olvera et al., 1993)

The wing spot test is used to evaluate the genotoxicity of the antitumour indenoisoquinoline analogues of nitidine chloride and fagaronine chloride in larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr, the analogues have a very weak genotoxic effect.

(Perez-Chiesa and Narvaez, 1993)

The somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wing cells of three day old larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr is used to study the mutagenic potential of three benzo^cphenanthridine alkaloids with antileukemic properties as compared with that of two structurally related aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons.

(Perez-Chiesa and Rodriguez, 1993)

Wing spot tests indicate that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is genotoxic in the primordial wing cells of Drosophila.

(Tripathy et al., 1993)

Four antidepressants and one neuroleptic drug are tested for genotoxicity using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wing cells of three day old larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr, the compounds are genotoxic.

(van Schaik and Graf, 1993)

The genotoxicity of mitoxantrone has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Frei et al., 1992)

The genotoxicity of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene has been analysed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Graf et al., 1992)

Chromium(VI) oxide is highly genotoxic in the mwh-flr wing spot assay.

(Graf et al., 1992)

The genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (Durmet) has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Patnaik and Tripathy, 1992)

The genotoxicity of tritiated water has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Ribas et al., 1992)

The genotoxicity of furfural has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Rodriguez-Arnaiz et al., 1992)

The genotoxicity of four herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, maleic hydrazide and paraquat) has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Torres et al., 1992)

The mwh-flr wing spot test has been used to assay the genotoxicity of the insecticide Parryfos (monocrotophos).

(Tripathy and Patnaik, 1992)

The genotoxicity of irradiated cocoa has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Zimmering et al., 1992)

Somatic mutation in hybrid dysgenic flies has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Getz and van Schaik, 1991)

The genotoxicity of a series of N-nitrosamines has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

(Negishi et al., 1991)

The mutagenicity of tepezcohuite has been assayed using the wing spot test.

(Pimentel et al., 1991)

The wing spot test has been used to assay the mutagenic activity of a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

(Sato et al., 1991)

Genotoxicity of acrolein is investigated using SMART, SCLT (sex chromosome loss test) and SLRLT (sex linked recessive lethal test). Acrolein is mutagenic in SLRLT when injected but not fed, SCLT does not reveal a clastogenic effect with acrolein and acrolein has a genotoxic effect in SMART.

(Sierra et al., 1991)

The mutagenic and recombinogenic activity of 3-beta-hydroxy-13-alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5-alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam-p-bis-(2-chloroethyl) aminophenoxyacetate (NSC 294859) has been assayed using a wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART).

(Stephanou et al., 1991)

Wing spot test (SMART) and sex-linked recessive lethal test (SLRLT) are used to test the mutagenicity of sumithion, a broad spectrum insecticide - compound is mutagenic in wing primordial cells and induces recombination at high doses.

(Tripathy and Patnaik, 1991)

Acrylamide is both mutagenic and recombinogenic in wing disc cells and induces sex-linked recessive lethals.

(Tripathy et al., 1991)

Genotoxicity of a chelating agent, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), is investigated using SMART. NTA is active in inducing mitotic recombination and possible aneuploidy in somatic cells.

(Zordan et al., 1991)

SMART in wing cells is used to test genotoxicity of 5 tricyclic antidepressants, results implicate the nitrogen atom at position 5 in the 7-membered ring of the tricyclic molecule as being responsible for the genotoxic property of the compounds.

(van Schaik and Graf, 1991)

The effects of chemicals classified as non-carcinogens or unclassified, but known to have given one or more positive results, are tested using SMART. Also the sensitivity of SMART compared to SLRLT is tested.

(Eiche et al., 1990)

Genotoxicity of ethyl carbamate is tested using SMART: ethyl carbamate induces, in a dose-dependent manner, single as well as twin spots, indicating a recombinogenic activity.

(Frolich and Wurgler, 1990)

The effects of repair deficiency are studied by comparing the frequency of somatic mutation and mitotic recombination in repair proficient female progeny with that in excision repair defective male progeny. Nine chemical mutagens with various modes of action are tested in this way.

(Graf et al., 1990)

The genetic toxicity of six carcinogens and six non-carcinogens are tested using SMART: carcinogens are highly toxic and the non-carcinogens are non-genotoxic.

(Tripathy et al., 1990)

The genotoxic activity of a photochemical reaction mixture of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide has been assayed using the wing spot test.

(Victorin et al., 1990)

SMART is used to assay the effects of NTA and EDTA in germ and somatic cell lines.

(Zordan et al., 1990)

Mutant alleles are useful as markers in clonal analysis.

(Lawrence et al., 1986)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: flr CG10724

(Ren et al., 2007)

Additional comments

Alleles lethal in all pairwise combinations.

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

AIP1

(Wu et al., 2016, Chu et al., 2012)

Aip1

(Poukkula et al., 2014, D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010, Bakal et al., 2007, Rogers et al., 2003)

CG10724

(Kumar et al., 2016, Aradska et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Ayroles et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Gregory et al., 2007, Ren et al., 2007, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Rogers et al., 2003)

Flare

(Loyer and Januschke, 2018)

aip1

(Ribaya et al., 2009)

flr

(Akyil and Yeniyol, 2025, Mateo-Fernández et al., 2025, Demir and Turna Demir, 2024, Güneş et al., 2024, Merinas-Amo et al., 2024, Pitchakarn et al., 2024, Cruces et al., 2023, Toyoshima-Sasatani et al., 2023, Hagen et al., 2021, Pitchakarn et al., 2021, Ertuğrul et al., 2020, Oliveira et al., 2020, Fernández-Bedmar et al., 2019, Mateo-Fernández et al., 2019, Toledano Medina et al., 2019, Villas Boas et al., 2019, Alaraby et al., 2018, Demir and Marcos, 2018, Ikawa and Sugimura, 2018, Olakkaran et al., 2018, Saturnino et al., 2018, Alaraby et al., 2017, Çolak and Uysal, 2017, de Morais et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Martinez-Castillo et al., 2017, Wu et al., 2016, Carmona et al., 2015, Beckett et al., 2013, Vales et al., 2013, Chu et al., 2012, Thomé et al., 2012, Carmona et al., 2011, Danesi et al., 2010, Mendanha et al., 2010, Cruces et al., 2009, Zakharenko and Perepelkina, 2009, Castro et al., 2008, Heres-Pulido et al., 2008, Pham et al., 2008, Ren et al., 2007, do Amaral et al., 2005, Romero-Jimenez et al., 2005, Taira et al., 2005, Koana et al., 2001, Negishi et al., 2001)

Name Synonyms

AIP1

(Wu et al., 2016)

CG10724

actin interacting protein 1

(Ribaya et al., 2009)

actin-interacting protein 1

(D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010)

flare

(Wu et al., 2016, Carmona et al., 2011, Mendanha et al., 2010, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Cruces et al., 2009, Zakharenko and Perepelkina, 2009, Castro et al., 2008, Heres-Pulido et al., 2008, Pham et al., 2008, Ren et al., 2007, do Amaral et al., 2005, Romero-Jimenez et al., 2005)

flare hair

(Taira et al., 2005)

flare-3

(Pappus and Mishra, 2018)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0000676
FBgn0036357

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

39505

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VU68

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q9VU68

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VU68

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0260049

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39505/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0260049

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0260049

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG10724

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

39505

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

64849

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0260049

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0260049

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0260049

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

flr_1
flr_2

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0260049

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0260049

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG10724

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0260049

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0260049

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC005722

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39505

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39505

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Platelet degranulation

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

Q9VU68

References (238)