FB2022_03, released June 9, 2022

Gene: Dmel\flr

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\flr
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
flare
Annotation Symbol
CG10724
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0260049
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
23 publicly available
Gene Summary
flare (flr) encodes the Drosophila Actin Interacting protein 1. It functions with the product of tsr (cofillin) to promote F-actin disassembly. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Aip1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
70A8-70B1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-40
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:13412843..13416453
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin filament binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin filament depolymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ren et al., 2007)
involved_in border follicle cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Poukkula et al., 2014)
involved_in establishment of planar polarity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(assigned by UniProt )
(Ren et al., 2007)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ren et al., 2007)
involved_in negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:GMF; FB:FBgn0028894, FLYBASE:Arpc5; FB:FBgn0031437
(Poukkula et al., 2014)
involved_in regulation of actin filament depolymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(assigned by UniProt )
(Ren et al., 2007)
involved_in regulation of actin filament polymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Poukkula et al., 2014)
involved_in sarcomere organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schnorrer et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin filament depolymerization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
involved_in locomotion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001068817
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
involved_in positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
involved_in sarcomere organization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458111
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoskeleton
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Ren et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cortical actin cytoskeleton
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000458108
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the WD repeat AIP1 family. (Q9VU68)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
flare (flr) encodes the Drosophila Actin Interacting protein 1. It functions with the product of tsr (cofillin) to promote F-actin disassembly. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins. Essential for organismal and cell viability. Required for the development of normal wing cell planar polarity.
(UniProt, Q9VU68)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
flr: flare
Chaetae and trichomes in thorax and abdomen abnormally shaped. Chaetae have rudimentary sockets, and shaft is frequently crooked and branched. Trichomes transformed into multiple short outgrowths which appear as swellings on wing cells and as rosettes in abdominal cuticle cells. Homozygotes are zygotic lethals but cell viable; homozygous clones may have reduced survival in thorax but not in abdomen. Excellent marker for homozygous 3L clones.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\flr for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure New Section
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VU68)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
flr-RA
FBtr0075845
NM_140385
2275
608
flr-RB
FBtr0075846
NM_168543
2210
604
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
flr-PA
FBpp0075581
66.5
608
6.72
Q9VU68
NP_648642
AAF49822
flr-PB
FBpp0075582
66.1
604
6.72
C8VV50
NP_729891
AAN11835
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\flr using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that the Fly Cell Atlas project found the gene expressed in that cell type. Darker colors mean that more cells of that cell type express the gene:
 low
high 
Colorless tiles indicate that there is no scRNAseq data for the gene in that cell type.
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data (RNA and/or protein) has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
Colored tiles in the ribbon indicate the average RNA expression level of the gene at the indicated stages:
 low
high 
as determined by RNA-seq (RPKM) using whole organism samples modENCODE, Brown et al., 2014. For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
• membrane
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoskeleton
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Ren et al., 2007)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\flr in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 16 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of flr
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of flr
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene not disrupted in
Df(3L)TP32
(Bishop et al., 1999)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\WDR1
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\WDR90
1 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Wdr1
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Wdr1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\wdr1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\wdr1
7 of 15
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\aipl-1
12 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\unc-78
11 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\wdr-48
1 of 15
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\AT3G18060
8 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G01330
7 of 9
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\AIP1
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\SPAC9G1.05
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)
No records found.
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    WDR1; WD repeat domain 1
    13 of 15
    604734
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      View in Interactions Browser
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      flr
      enhanceable
      GMF
      (Poukkula et al., 2014)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      pbl
      suppressible
      flr
      (Gregory et al., 2007)
      tsr|Pc
      enhanceable
      flr
      (Pham et al., 2008)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3L
      Recombination map
      3-40
      Cytogenetic map
      70A8-70B1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      70A8-70B1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0422004220&P{lacW}l(3)j10B6j10B6 and P{PZ}stv00543
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      70A-70B
      (Ren et al., 2007)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-40

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-34.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      3-39

      (Martin, 1995.12.5)

      3-38.8

      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (23)
      Genomic Clones (13)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (88)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Chu et al., 2012)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Other Information
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database identify of
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: flr CG10724

        (Ren et al., 2007)
        Additional comments

        Alleles lethal in all pairwise combinations.

        Other Comments

        flr is required for F-actin disassembly in pupal epidermal cells. flr is also required for normal wing cell planar polarity.

        (Ren et al., 2007)

        S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

        (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        (Kiger et al., 2003)

        The genotoxicity of six insecticides has been analysed using the wing spot test.

        (Osaba et al., 1999)

        The wing spot test has been used to assay the antigenotoxicity of a number of compounds.

        (Graf et al., 1998)

        SMART is well suited for the determination of genotoxicity produced by in vivo nitrosation processes and for the study of their modulation by individual compounds or dietary complex mixtures.

        (Guzman Rincon et al., 1998)

        The genotoxic effect of the essential oils of O.vulgare, C.capitata and S.thymbra is tested using the SMART assay: the oils do not show any mutagenic or recombinagenic activity.

        (Karpouhtsis et al., 1998)

        The genotoxic effect DEHP is tested using the SMART assay, results reveal DEHP does not have a genotoxic effect.

        (Kawai, 1998)

        The genotoxic effect of 4 inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases has been studied using the wing spot assay.

        (Torres et al., 1998)

        Ethanol reduces the mutagenic effect of γ-irradiation in SMART assay, mainly by decreasing the frequency of mitotic recombination.

        (Zakharenko and Zakharov, 1998)

        The genotoxic effect of integerrimine (ITR) are analysed using the wing spot test: ITR is genotoxic.

        (Campesato et al., 1997)

        Mutants do not exhibit defects in the denticle belt of hairs of the larvae.

        (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997)

        Vicinal chloroalcohols are investigated for genotoxicity in the wing spot test (SMART): tested compounds are non-genotoxic in this in vivo assay.

        (Frei and Wurgler, 1997)

        Sodium azide is tested for somatic mutation and mitotic recombination induction in wing imaginal disc cells using the wing spot test. Sodium azide induces exclusively mitotic recombination in wing somatic cells after chronic exposure. This activity is reduced in the presence of high bioactivation capacity.

        (Gonzalez-Cesar and Ramos-Morales, 1997)

        The genotoxic effect PhIP is tested using the SMART assay, results reveal PhIP has a DNA-damaging activity.

        (Kasai et al., 1997)

        The mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity of electromagnetic fields is estimated using the wing spot test in larvae, exposure causes a statistically significant enhancement of somatic recombination. Supplement of vitamin E suppresses this enhancement.

        (Koana et al., 1997)

        Wing spots in the SMART reveal enzyme-sulfhydryl blocking agents, such as MMTS and DPDS, are effective antimutagens in vivo.

        (Nakamura et al., 1997)

        The effect of chlorophyll on the genotoxic activity of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide has been studied using the wing spot test.

        (Negishi et al., 1997)

        The genotoxic effects of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) and acetone oxime (ACOX) are tested using the SMART test. The effect of Hsap\GST on the genotoxic effect is studied: flies carrying three or more copies of Hsap\GST are significantly more resistant to the genotoxic effect of ACOX.

        (Ryskova et al., 1997)

        SMART is used to test the genotoxic effect of fullerene C-60: only at the highest possible fullerene concentration a slight genotoxic effect was observed in wing cells.

        (Zakharenko et al., 1997)

        Only the maximum possible content of fullerene C60 produces a slight genotoxic effect when using the SMART test.

        (Zakharenko et al., 1997)

        Assays of a series of compounds in the wing spot test indicates the single mwh spots appear most frequently, followed by less frequent twin spots and then the quite rare flr spots. Some compounds behave in this manner, others do not in that the frequency of single flr spots is equal to or exceeds that of twin spots.

        (Zimmering et al., 1997)

        The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay four inhibitors of eukaryotic topoisomerases for genotoxic effects.

        (Frei and Wurgler, 1996)

        The spectrum of genotoxic events detected by the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and the wi eye spot test is different. The wi eye spot test appears not to detect mitotic recombination the way the wing spot test does.

        (Graf and Wuergler, 1996)

        The genetic effects of exposure to a range of concentrations of alpha particles has been studied using the wing-spot test.

        (Pimentel et al., 1996)

        Six alkylating agents have been ranked as follows according to their genotoxic potency in the wing spot test: methyl methanesulfonate > mitomycin C > N-dimethylnitrosamine > chlorambucil ~ monocrotaline > N-diethylnitrosamine.

        (Rodriguez-Arnaiz et al., 1996)

        The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay for genotoxic effects of griseofulvin.

        (Tripathy et al., 1996)

        The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay for genotoxicity of tetracycline hydrochloride.

        (Tripathy et al., 1996)

        The genotoxicity of 6 phenazine and aminophenazine derivatives is assayed using the wing spot test in larvae, chemicals exhibit significant mutagenicity.

        (Watanabe et al., 1996)

        The relative biological effectiveness of 252Cf neutrons has been determined for two different types of somatic mutations, the wing-spot test (using mwh and flr) and reversion of eye-colour (using w).

        (Yoshikawa et al., 1996)

        The effects of 10 carcinogens on the wing spot test are evaluated.

        (Batiste-Alentorn et al., 1995)

        Three assays (z-w, wi and wing spot) are used to evaluate the genotoxic response of five chemicals classified as genotoxic non-carcinogens, chemicals significantly increase the frequency of mutant clones.

        (Batiste-Alentorn et al., 1995)

        The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to test for any genotoxic effects of tannic acid.

        (Cunha et al., 1995)

        The wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of larvae is used to evaluate the genotoxicity of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three of their nitro derivatives, genotoxic activity can be detected in somatic cells.

        (Delgado-Rodriguez et al., 1995)

        In young larvae only a few but very large spots are induced by application of a mutagen in the wing spot test. In older larvae the frequency is considerably increased but the sizes are smaller. Practically no twin spots (result of mitotic recombination) are found in young or in very old larvae. Results demonstrate the optimal age of the larvae for mutagen treatment is 72 hours.

        (Graf, 1995)

        Wing spot test is used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of griseofulvin in somatic larval cells, griseofulvin is genotoxic in somatic cells.

        (Inoue et al., 1995)

        Genotoxic activity in vivo of the naturally occurring glucoside, cycasin, is assayed in the wing spot test.

        (Kawai et al., 1995)

        Mitotic location: 49.

        (Martin, 1995.12.5)

        Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), when used as a pretreatment, protects against mutation/recombination induced by γ rays and chromium (VI) oxide in larvae in the wing spot test.

        (Olvera et al., 1995)

        The mwh/flr wing spot test has been used to assay the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1.

        (Shibahara et al., 1995)

        Wing spot test reveals two triazine herbicides, terbutryn and terbuthylazin, are genotoxic in the wing primordia.

        (Tripathy et al., 1995)

        Wing spot test reveals the triazine herbicide, simazine, is genotoxic in the wing primordia.

        (Tripathy et al., 1995)

        The attached X and mwh/flr spot test system were used to demonstrate that ginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza have inhibitory effects on the in vivo mutagenicity induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) during spermatogenesis.

        (Choi et al., 1994)

        The wing spot test has been used to demonstrate that the somatic mutation and recombination test can be used for the genotoxic activity of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

        (Graf et al., 1994)

        The adenine derivatives, (R,S)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine, D-eritadenine and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, are potent inducers of both single spots and twin spots in a wing-spot assay.

        (Marec and Gelbic, 1994)

        Wing spot tests rank the genotoxic effectiveness of a number of metal salts in the following order: CoCl2 > ZnCl2 > MoCl3 > (MnCl2, NiCl2).

        (Ogawa et al., 1994)

        Somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) is used to determine the relevance of the in vitro effects induced by benzophenone-3: benzophenone-3 is not genotoxic.

        (Robison et al., 1994)

        Wing-spot assay is used to evaluate the quantitative relationship between BaP-DNA adduct formation, determined by 32P-postlabelling, and the induction of phenotypically mutant cells.

        (Zordan et al., 1994)

        Chloral hydrate is recombinogenic in the wing spot test.

        (Zordan et al., 1994)

        Arsenic acid has an inhibitory effect on the induction of wing spots by gamma irradiation or alkylating agents in a wing-spot assay.

        (de la Rosa et al., 1994)

        High temperatures cause a small number of mwh spots in the wing-spot assay and cold temperatures yield much greater number of single spots.

        (Katz and Foley, 1993)

        The effect of chlorophyllin on the genotoxicity of chromium(VI) oxide in larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr is assayed using the wing spot somatic test.

        (Olvera et al., 1993)

        The wing spot test is used to evaluate the genotoxicity of the antitumour indenoisoquinoline analogues of nitidine chloride and fagaronine chloride in larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr, the analogues have a very weak genotoxic effect.

        (Perez-Chiesa and Narvaez, 1993)

        The somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wing cells of three day old larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr is used to study the mutagenic potential of three benzocphenanthridine alkaloids with antileukemic properties as compared with that of two structurally related aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons.

        (Perez-Chiesa and Rodriguez, 1993)

        Wing spot tests indicate that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is genotoxic in the primordial wing cells of Drosophila.

        (Tripathy et al., 1993)

        Four antidepressants and one neuroleptic drug are tested for genotoxicity using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wing cells of three day old larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr, the compounds are genotoxic.

        (van Schaik and Graf, 1993)

        The genotoxicity of mitoxantrone has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Frei et al., 1992)

        The genotoxicity of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene has been analysed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Graf et al., 1992)

        Chromium(VI) oxide is highly genotoxic in the mwh-flr wing spot assay.

        (Graf et al., 1992)

        The genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos (Durmet) has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Patnaik and Tripathy, 1992)

        The genotoxicity of tritiated water has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Ribas et al., 1992)

        The genotoxicity of furfural has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Rodriguez-Arnaiz et al., 1992)

        The genotoxicity of four herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, maleic hydrazide and paraquat) has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Torres et al., 1992)

        The mwh-flr wing spot test has been used to assay the genotoxicity of the insecticide Parryfos (monocrotophos).

        (Tripathy and Patnaik, 1992)

        The genotoxicity of irradiated cocoa has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Zimmering et al., 1992)

        Somatic mutation in hybrid dysgenic flies has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Getz and van Schaik, 1991)

        The genotoxicity of a series of N-nitrosamines has been assayed using the mwh-flr wing spot test.

        (Negishi et al., 1991)

        The mutagenicity of tepezcohuite has been assayed using the wing spot test.

        (Pimentel et al., 1991)

        The wing spot test has been used to assay the mutagenic activity of a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

        (Sato et al., 1991)

        Genotoxicity of acrolein is investigated using SMART, SCLT (sex chromosome loss test) and SLRLT (sex linked recessive lethal test). Acrolein is mutagenic in SLRLT when injected but not fed, SCLT does not reveal a clastogenic effect with acrolein and acrolein has a genotoxic effect in SMART.

        (Sierra et al., 1991)

        The mutagenic and recombinogenic activity of 3-beta-hydroxy-13-alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5-alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17-lactam-p-bis-(2-chloroethyl) aminophenoxyacetate (NSC 294859) has been assayed using a wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART).

        (Stephanou et al., 1991)

        Wing spot test (SMART) and sex-linked recessive lethal test (SLRLT) are used to test the mutagenicity of sumithion, a broad spectrum insecticide - compound is mutagenic in wing primordial cells and induces recombination at high doses.

        (Tripathy and Patnaik, 1991)

        Acrylamide is both mutagenic and recombinogenic in wing disc cells and induces sex-linked recessive lethals.

        (Tripathy et al., 1991)

        Genotoxicity of a chelating agent, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), is investigated using SMART. NTA is active in inducing mitotic recombination and possible aneuploidy in somatic cells.

        (Zordan et al., 1991)

        SMART in wing cells is used to test genotoxicity of 5 tricyclic antidepressants, results implicate the nitrogen atom at position 5 in the 7-membered ring of the tricyclic molecule as being responsible for the genotoxic property of the compounds.

        (van Schaik and Graf, 1991)

        The effects of chemicals classified as non-carcinogens or unclassified, but known to have given one or more positive results, are tested using SMART. Also the sensitivity of SMART compared to SLRLT is tested.

        (Eiche et al., 1990)

        Genotoxicity of ethyl carbamate is tested using SMART: ethyl carbamate induces, in a dose-dependent manner, single as well as twin spots, indicating a recombinogenic activity.

        (Frolich and Wurgler, 1990)

        The effects of repair deficiency are studied by comparing the frequency of somatic mutation and mitotic recombination in repair proficient female progeny with that in excision repair defective male progeny. Nine chemical mutagens with various modes of action are tested in this way.

        (Graf et al., 1990)

        The genetic toxicity of six carcinogens and six non-carcinogens are tested using SMART: carcinogens are highly toxic and the non-carcinogens are non-genotoxic.

        (Tripathy et al., 1990)

        The genotoxic activity of a photochemical reaction mixture of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide has been assayed using the wing spot test.

        (Victorin et al., 1990)

        SMART is used to assay the effects of NTA and EDTA in germ and somatic cell lines.

        (Zordan et al., 1990)

        Mutant alleles are useful as markers in clonal analysis.

        (Lawrence et al., 1986)
        Origin and Etymology
        Discoverer
        Etymology
        Identification
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 45 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
        SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        AIP1
        (Wu et al., 2016, Chu et al., 2012)
        Aip1
        (Poukkula et al., 2014, D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010, Bakal et al., 2007, Rogers et al., 2003)
        CG10724
        (Kumar et al., 2016, Aradska et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Ayroles et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Gregory et al., 2007, Ren et al., 2007, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Rogers et al., 2003)
        Flare
        (Loyer and Januschke, 2018)
        aip1
        (Ribaya et al., 2009)
        flr
        (Hagen et al., 2021, Pitchakarn et al., 2021, Ertuğrul et al., 2020, Oliveira et al., 2020, Fernández-Bedmar et al., 2019, Mateo-Fernández et al., 2019, Toledano Medina et al., 2019, Villas Boas et al., 2019, Demir and Marcos, 2018, Ikawa and Sugimura, 2018, Olakkaran et al., 2018, Saturnino et al., 2018, Alaraby et al., 2017, Çolak and Uysal, 2017, de Morais et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Martinez-Castillo et al., 2017, Wu et al., 2016, Carmona et al., 2015, Beckett et al., 2013, Chu et al., 2012, Thomé et al., 2012, Carmona et al., 2011, Danesi et al., 2010, Mendanha et al., 2010, Cruces et al., 2009, Zakharenko and Perepelkina, 2009, Castro et al., 2008, Heres-Pulido et al., 2008, Pham et al., 2008, Ren et al., 2007, do Amaral et al., 2005, Romero-Jimenez et al., 2005, Taira et al., 2005, Koana et al., 2001, Negishi et al., 2001)
        Name Synonyms
        AIP1
        (Wu et al., 2016)
        CG10724
        actin interacting protein 1
        (Ribaya et al., 2009)
        actin-interacting protein 1
        (D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010)
        flare
        (Wu et al., 2016, Carmona et al., 2011, Mendanha et al., 2010, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Cruces et al., 2009, Zakharenko and Perepelkina, 2009, Castro et al., 2008, Heres-Pulido et al., 2008, Pham et al., 2008, Ren et al., 2007, do Amaral et al., 2005, Romero-Jimenez et al., 2005)
        flare hair
        (Taira et al., 2005)
        flare-3
        (Pappus and Mishra, 2018)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0000676
        • FBgn0036357
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        References (223)