FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Gls
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gls
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Glutaminase
Annotation Symbol
CG42708
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261625
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
glutaminase (3.5.1.2)
Gene Summary
Glutaminase (Gls) encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that is predicted to catalyze the hydrolysis of L-glutamine to L-glutamate and ammonia, the first step in glutaminolysis. [Date last reviewed: 2026-02-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
49B12-49B12
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-67
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:12670483..12679593
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (5 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables glutaminase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000283994
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015868
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O94925
(Sardiello et al., 2003.6.11, Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in glutamine metabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O94925
(Sardiello et al., 2003.6.11)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015868
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in L-glutamate biosynthetic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O94925
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in L-glutamine catabolic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000283994
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O94925
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O94925
(Sardiello et al., 2003.6.11, Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
glutaminase activity
L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH4(+) (3.5.1.2)
RHEA 15889:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Glutaminase (Gls) encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that is predicted to catalyze the hydrolysis of L-glutamine to L-glutamate and ammonia, the first step in glutaminolysis. [Date last reviewed: 2026-02-19]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED CARBON-NITROGEN HYDROLASES OF LINEAR AMIDES -
This group comprises carbon-nitrogen hydrolases of linear amides that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Pathway (FlyBase)
L-GLUTAMATE AND L-GLUTAMINE METABOLISM -
L-glutamate and L-glutamine are non-essential amino-acids. In mitochondrial glutaminolysis, L-glutamine is converted to L-glutamate by Gls and then to 2-oxoglutarate, an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. L-glutamate deamidation can be catalyzed either by L-glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh, which converts glutamate into ammonium and 2-oxoglutarate, or by transaminases such as Alat or Got2, which produce 2-oxoglutarate and L-alanine or L-aspartate. Additional cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes, including Gs1, Gs2 and Glts participate in the interconversion between L-glutamate and L-glutamine which plays an essential role in nitrogen metabolism. Besides their role in protein synthesis, L-glutamine is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, L-asparagine, NAD(+) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, whereas L-glutamate is required for the production of GABA, L-serine, L-proline, L-alanine, glutathione and is part of the malate-aspartate shuttle. In addition, L-glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter and is used for the glutamylation of tubulin and the tetrahydrofolate cofactor. (Adapted from PMID:32943735.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
10
Number of Unique Polypeptides
10

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gls for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q1RL13)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gls-RA
FBtr0302974
NM_165938
3005
706
Gls-RB
FBtr0302977
NM_165943
2970
737
Gls-RC
FBtr0302976
NM_165942
2741
658
Gls-RD
FBtr0302973
NM_165939
2912
716
Gls-RE
FBtr0302975
NM_165941
2711
648
Gls-RF
FBtr0302972
NM_136965
2707
671
Gls-RH
FBtr0302978
NM_001169658
2620
775
Gls-RI
FBtr0302979
NM_001169659
2278
701
Gls-RJ
FBtr0339707
NM_001299432
2303
712
Gls-RK
FBtr0344191
NM_001299431
2940
727
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gls-PA
FBpp0292099
78.5
706
7.25
Q7JQK6
NP_725212
AAM68643
Gls-PB
FBpp0292102
82.0
737
5.76
A1Z944
NP_725217
AAM68647
Gls-PC
FBpp0292101
73.3
658
7.23
A1Z943
NP_725216
AAM68646
Gls-PD
FBpp0292098
79.8
716
7.67
Q961I1
NP_725213
AAM68644
Gls-PE
FBpp0292100
72.0
648
6.85
A1Z942
NP_725215
AAM68645
Gls-PF
FBpp0292097
74.7
671
6.08
Q0E9A1
NP_610809
AAM68648
Gls-PH
FBpp0292103
85.2
775
7.26
Q1RL13
NP_001163129
ACZ94404
Gls-PI
FBpp0292104
77.4
701
6.88
E1JH47
NP_001163130
ACZ94405
Gls-PJ
FBpp0308764
78.2
712
6.88
A0A0B4LGA3
NP_001286361
AHN56159
Gls-PK
FBpp0310603
80.7
727
5.39
A0A0B4LF95
NP_001286360
AHN56158
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gls using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.65

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010, Dorus et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gls in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 10 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gls
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gls
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\GLS
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\GLS2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Gls2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Gls
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Gls2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Gls
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\gls2
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\gls
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ankrd50
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\glsa
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\glsb
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\gls2a
13 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gls2b
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\glsl
7 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\glna-2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\glna-1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\glna-3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003361
6 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)
Ecol\glsB
8 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\glsA
7 of 11
No
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Gls. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    GlsHMC05223
    ameliorates  tauopathy
    modeled by Hsap\MAPTUAS.cUa
    (Yadav et al., 2024)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    GLS; glutaminase
    14 of 14
    138280
    GLS2; glutaminase 2
    12 of 14
    606365
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Linkouts
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        L-GLUTAMATE AND L-GLUTAMINE METABOLISM
        External Links
        FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
        External Data
        Linkouts
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2R
        Recombination map
        2-67
        Cytogenetic map
        49B12-49B12
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        49B12-49B12
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-67

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-69.7

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (10)
        Genomic Clones (20)
        cDNA Clones (39)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Showed no change of expression in Clk mutants in microarray experiments. Identified in S2/cycloheximide assay as a direct target of Clk mediated transcriptional regulation.

            (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments

            The "nemy" mutant was previously associated with the CG8772 annotation in FlyBase, based on information in GenBank accession AF417120. However, data from FBrf0207202 indicates that the nemy mutant phenotype is due to an effect on the neighbouring CG8776 annotation, and not due to an effect on CG8772. Thus, the CG8772 annotation has been split out into a separate gene report in FlyBase (and has been renamed CG42708 in release 5.26 of the genome annotation to avoid confusion) and the nemy mutant has instead been merged with the gene corresponding to the CG8776 annotation in FlyBase.

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2010)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: GLS CG42708

            (Parisi et al., 2013)

            Source for identity of: Gls GLS

            (FlyBase, 2017-)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 86 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
            References (73)