sal, spalt, l(2)03602
transcription factor - zinc finger - PRDII-BF1 homolog - a target of Dpp signaling - Spalt and Spalt-related regulate the vein-specific expression of and and the gene complex, delimiting their domains of expression in the wing pouch
Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\salm for information on other features
To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Alternative translation stop created by use of multiphasic reading frames within coding region.
Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Gene model reviewed during 5.52
6.1 (northern blot, compiled cDNA)
0.8 (northern blot)
None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.
1355 (aa)
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\salm using the Feature Mapper tool.
Comment: anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as dorsal epidermis anlage
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reference states 1-12 hr AEL
In the cellular blastoderm stage embryo (stage 5), salm transcript is detected in three regions: a stripe in the posterior (12-20% of egg length), one in the anterior (60-70% egg length), and a "horse-shoe" domain at 80-86% egg length, in the presumptive pregnathal head region.
The salm transcript is present in 1-12 hour embryos, and at low levels in second instar larvae. salm transcript is first detected in embryonic cycle 14 of the syncytial blastoderm embryo in a ventro-lateral position. At the cellular blastoderm stage, the transcript is present at high levels in a region at 60-70% egg length and at 0-15% egg length. At the extended germ band stage, the posterior domain consists of the upper section of the midgut and hindgut rudiments, and the anterior domain is over the posterior portion of the cephalic furrow. The anterior and posterior domains of high salm expression persist through the extended germ band stage. At germ band retraction, salm transcript is present in the hindgut and in the cuticle primordium of each segment. After dorsal closure, salm is expressed in an area corresponding to the eye-antennal disc and the genital disc. Low level cuticle expression is still detected.
salm is present in the dorso-longitudinal flight muscle templates to which the adult muscle progentiors fuse. It is detected from 8hr APF onward throughout indirect flight muscle development. It is absent in developing leg muscle.
salm is expressed in a subtype-specific fashion in the larval eye. In embryos, it is expressed in 3-4 immature photoreceptor cells. In the larva, it is expressed in the R5-specific photoreceptors of the Bolwig organ and is excluded from the R6 photoreceptors.
Larval expression of salm protein is observed in photoreceptor cells R3 and R4 starting in row 3 and progressively fading between rows 7 and 11, in photoreceptor cell R7 starting in row 9, in photoreceptor cell R8 starting in row 11, in the anterior and posterior cone cells starting in row 11, and the four cone cells by row 14-15. By 24 hours pupariation, salm protein continues to be expressed in photoreceptor cells R7 and R8.
salm is expressed in non-neuronal cells of the Lch5.
The salm protein is expressed in the central region of the wing pouch flanking the anterior-posterior boundary.
salr and salm protein expression patterns were compared. The proteins have identical staining patterns in the wing imaginal disc (FBrf0087811) but have different patterns in the embryonic CNS and spiracles. salr is more abundant in the embryonic brain, while salm is more abundant in the posterior spiracle. The two proteins have overlapping but non-identical patterns in the ventral cord.
In late stage 4embryos, salm protein is detected in a circumferential band at about60-70% egg length. This stripe persists into the cellular blastoderm stage(stage 5), when salm protein accumulation is seen in two additionalregions, at 12-20% egg length, and 80-86% egg length. salm transcriptand protein expression patterns in the cellular blastoderm stage embryothus overlap. At the extended germ band stage (stage 11), salm proteinaccumulates in the neurectoderm in a segmental pattern. Colocalizationstudies with en protein indicate that, although salm proteinexpression is strongest in parasegments 1 to 3, and again in parasegments14 and 15, some weak expression is also seen in parasegment 4. In stage 15to 17 embryos, salm protein is present in the central nervous system, aswell as the tracheal system.
GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\salm in GBrowse 22-38.2
Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
polyclonal
polyclonal antibody
Source for identity of: salm CG6464
Source for merge of: salm B1164
salm acts to constrain the choice available between the two alternative tracheal tip cell types (fusion cell and terminal cell), being sufficient to inhibit terminal cell specification.
salm is required and sufficient to inhibit cell intercalation and the formation of autocellular adherens junctions during tracheal development.
Embryos which lack salm function show a severe neurodegenerative phenotype at 60% of embryonic development, but by 80% of embryonic development the central nervous system shows almost wild-type morphology.
Removal of salm function increases the number of scolopidia, as a result of extra secondary recruitment of precursor cells at the expense of the oenocytes in the developing pentascolopidial organ in the embryo.
salm restricts the number of scolopidia to five per abdominal lch5 organ. It also ensures the correct location of this chordotonal organ along the dorsoventral axis.
salm and salr participate in the development of sensory organs in the thorax, mainly in the positioning of specific proneural clusters. They may belong to a category of transcriptional regulators that subdivide the thorax into expression domains (prepattern) required for the localised activation of proneural genes.
salm is required for normal tracheal cell migration and morphogenesis in cells of the dorsal truck.
Identification: Enhancer trap expression pattern survey for loci expressed in the ring gland.
Isolation and characterisation of salr, a gene arisen by reduplication and sequence diversification from the same ancestral gene as salm, that is still located close to salm in the genome. Sequence comparisons reveal a pattern of regional structural diversification of salm and salr. Electrophoretic mobility shift and footprinting assays demonstrate specific DNA binding of a conserved set of zinc fingers. The genes have extensive overlapping but not coincident patterns of expression in structures, such as the nervous system, indicating significant regulatory diversification.
salm is involved in tracheal development at two different stages of embryonic development. salm represses tracheal placode formation in parasegments 2, 3, and 14. salm is also necessary for the directed migration of the dorsal trunk tracheal cells, which seems to be independent of branch fusion and general tracheal cell migration.
dpp acts as a gradient morphogen during wing development. Clonal analysis reveals that dpp, secreted by a stripe of wing cells along the anteroposterior compartment boundary, acts directly and at long range on surrounding cells and elicits qualitatively distinct outputs from these cells as a function of their distance from the dpp source. bi and salm are transcriptionally activated at different distances from the dpp secreting cells.
salr and salm are expressed in response to dpp in a central territory of the wing imaginal disc, where they are required for the patterning of the wing. The phenotypic consequences of misexpression of salr and salm suggest that an important outcome of dpp activity is the subdivision of the wing disc into territories smaller than lineage compartments through the regulation of salr and salm.
The organisation of the tail region of the embryo is documented from studies of cuticular markers enabling a more direct comparison between homologous structures on the embryo and larval cuticle.
Enhancer trapping methods have been used to identify regulatory elements and corresponding genes that are influenced by the homeotic Antp gene product. Clonal analysis demonstrates that Antp expression in the mesothoracic leg disc is required to prevent expression of the salm gene: Antp negatively regulates salm. The cis-regulatory element whose activity is affected by Antp is located in a 3.5 kb EcoRI fragment.
The region specific action of the salm gene promotes head and tail as opposed to trunk development in the embryo. The salm gene acts independently of BX-C genes. The anterior salm phenotype displays incomplete transformation of the labial segment into the adjacent prothoracic segment (parasegments 1 and 2, but not 3). The posterior phenotype is the transformation of A9 and A10 into A8 (parasegments 14 and 15, but not 13), this phenotype is associated with ectopic expression of Abd-B, but not of Ubx, abd-A and Scr.