FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\hll

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\hll

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

heimdall

Annotation Symbol

CG4500

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0286723

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

3 publicly available

Gene Snapshot

Contributions welcome

Other Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

dbb, BG:DS05899.1 , doublebubble

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

34F1-34F1

Sequence location

2L:14,027,001..14,029,368 [+]

Recombination map

2-50

RefSeq locus

NT_033779 REGION:14027001..14029368

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Help me choose

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables fatty acid ligase activity

traceable author statement

(Watkins et al., 2007)

enables long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9V3S9

(assigned by UniProt )

(UniProt Curators, 2002-)

Biological Process (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in fatty acid metabolic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

involved_in long-chain fatty acid metabolic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Gordon et al., 2018)

involved_in mesoderm development

inferred from expression pattern

(Furlong et al., 2001)

involved_in neuron cellular homeostasis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Thimgan et al., 2015)

involved_in triglyceride homeostasis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Thimgan et al., 2015)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in fatty acid biosynthetic process

traceable author statement

(Watkins et al., 2007)

involved_in long-chain fatty acid metabolic process

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9V3S9

(assigned by UniProt )

(UniProt Curators, 2002-)

Cellular Component (0 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ACYL-COA SYNTHETASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Bubblegum subfamily. (Q9V3U0)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ACYL-COA SYNTHETASES -: Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetases catalyze the "activation" of fatty acids by their thioesterification to CoA. This is the initial reaction in fatty acid metabolism, allowing their participation in many fundamental anabolic and catabolic pathways. (Adapted from FBrf0237395).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Mediates activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). Probably by regulating lipid storage and catabolism, plays a role in neuronal function (PubMed:25409104).

(UniProt, Q9V3U0)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\hll for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

gene

(Sivatchenko and Letsou, 2007)

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

hll-RA

FBtr0080591

NM_135852

2206

681

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

2.6 (northern blot)

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

hll-PA

FBpp0080168

75.2

681

6.56

NP_609696

AAF53370

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Q9V3U0

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\hll using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

yolk

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

ventral furrow

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

embryonic stage 17

embryonic/larval fat body

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

embryonic stage 5

mesoderm anlage

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

embryonic stage 6 -- 17

mesoderm

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

embryonic stage 6

mesoderm anlage

(Karaiskos et al., 2017)

organism | ventral

(Karaiskos et al., 2017)

virtual in situ hybridization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 6

mesoderm anlage

(Karaiskos et al., 2017)

organism | ventral

(Karaiskos et al., 2017)

Additional Descriptive Data

Transcripts are expressed in a narrow band of ventral cells in the blastoderm embryo. Expression extends to both poles of the embryo. Expression is strong in the part of the ventral furrow anterior to the cephalic furrow. Later, expression is observed in the mesoderm and in the yolk cells. In late embryos, expression is observed in the fat body.

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\hll in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\hll

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\hll

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG4500-RA

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 3 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of hll

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of hll

Deletions and Duplications ( 1 )

Disrupted in

Df(2L)Exel8032

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable

hll¹

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

hll^GD11330

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

hll^GD11330

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

hll^GD11330

Other Phenotypes

Allele

locomotor behavior defective | adult stage

hll¹

neuroanatomy defective | adult stage

hll¹

short lived

hll¹

sleep defective, with Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

hll^KK103275

sleep defective | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4^{αTub84B.Switch.PK}

hll^KK103275

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

basement membrane | adult stage

hll¹

lamina

hll¹

lamina monopolar neuron

hll¹

retina

hll¹

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Download All OrthoDB Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (13)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\ACSBG2

11 of 15

Yes

10 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (14)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Acsbg2

11 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Acsbg1

10 of 15

Mmus\1700061G19Rik

6 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (14)

Rnor\Acsbg1

9 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Acsbg2

9 of 13

Yes

Rnor\LOC316124

4 of 13

Yes

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (10)

Xtro\acsbg2

8 of 12

Yes

Xtro\acsbg1

5 of 12

Yes

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (19)

Drer\acsbg1

8 of 15

Yes

7 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (10)

Cele\acs-15

3 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)

Atha\AAE15

4 of 9

Yes

Atha\AAE16

3 of 9

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)

Scer\FAA1

2 of 15

Yes

Scer\FAA2

2 of 15

Yes

Scer\FAA3

1 of 15

Scer\FAA4

1 of 15

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091906BJ )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

AAA Syntenic Ortholog

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Drosophila simulans

Drosophila sechellia

Drosophila erecta

Drosophila yakuba

Drosophila ananassae

Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura

Dpse\GA18224

Drosophila persimilis

Dper\GL21256

Drosophila willistoni

Dwil\GK15028

Drosophila virilis

Dvir\GJ18167

Drosophila mojavensis

Dmoj\GI12736

Drosophila grimshawi

Dgri\GH11133

Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091501TL )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Musca domestica

House fly

Mdoa\17020501

Glossina morsitans

Tsetse fly

Gmor\GMOY000845

Lucilia cuprina

Australian sheep blowfly

Lcup\FF38_00056

Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W02BY )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Bombyx mori

Silkmoth

Bmor\BGIBMGA003709

Danaus plexippus

Monarch butterfly

Dple\DPOGS203804-PA

Heliconius melpomene

Postman butterfly

Hmel\HMEL013304

Apis florea

Little honeybee

Aflo\2872117620

Apis mellifera

Western honey bee

Amel\Ame.7646

Bombus impatiens

Common eastern bumble bee

Bimp\BIMP22149

Bombus terrestris

Buff-tailed bumblebee

Bter\15212127

Linepithema humile

Argentine ant

Lhum\LH21980

Megachile rotundata

Alfalfa leafcutting bee

Mrot\MROTU:002280

Nasonia vitripennis

Parasitic wasp

Nvit\Nasvi2EG010669

Dendroctonus ponderosae

Mountain pine beetle

Dpod\YQE_06662

Tribolium castaneum

Red flour beetle

Tcas\TC004625

Pediculus humanus

Human body louse

Phum\PHUM039170

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid

Apim\ACYPI005746

Zootermopsis nevadensis

Nevada dampwood termite

Znev\Znev_13597

Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X029K )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR005459

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009861

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009551

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR011265

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR011615

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR000979

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009549

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009860

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009550

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR000021

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009553

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR000579

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR011263

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR004519

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR009552

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_314088

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_187637

Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G03FO )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Spur\Sp-Acsbg1

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\ACSBG1

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\ACSBG2

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (21)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

bgm

8 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

adrenoleukodystrophy (postulated), ACSBG-related

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

hll¹

model of adrenoleukodystrophy

CEA with bgm¹

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

CEA

(Gordon et al., 2018)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

ACSBG2; acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 2

11 of 15

614363

ACSBG1; acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1

10 of 15

614362

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

hll

enhanceable

bgm

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

bgm

enhanceable

hll

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

External Data

Linkouts

InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.

34822

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-50

Cytogenetic map

34F1-34F1

Sequence location

2L:14,027,001..14,029,368 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

34F1-34F1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)34Fa^k00811&P{PZ}wb⁰⁹⁴³⁷ and P{EP}elB^EP2039&P{PZ}osp^rJ571

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-50

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-45.6

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (3)

Bloomington

68108

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TOE.GS00505}attP40/CyO

VDRC

v106260

P{KK103275}VIE-260B

v34852

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD11330}v34852

Genomic Clones (15)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (222)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

DPiM_RE63419

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: BG:DS05899.1 CG4500

(Kodira, 1999.11)

Source for identity of: hll CG4500

(Thimgan et al., 2015)

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: BG:DS05899.1 anon- EST:CL2a9

(Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

Source for merge of: hll dbb

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

Additional comments

Other Comments

Isolated from a subtractive cDNA library enriched in sequences expressed in the mesoderm.

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

An CG4500 cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. CG4500 is expressed in the early mesoderm.

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

'Heimdall' is the fictional character that for ages guarded the bridge to Asgard without sleep and without the consequences of sleep deprivation, similar characteristics to the 'hll' knockdown flies.

(Thimgan et al., 2015)

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 23 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

34822

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q9V3U0

Other crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG4500-RA

InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.

34822

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

2a9

(Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

BG:DS05899.1

(Ashburner et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1999)

CG4500

(Hemphill et al., 2018, Nagy et al., 2018, Karaiskos et al., 2017, Hudry et al., 2016, Sivachenko et al., 2016, Bartok et al., 2015, Thimgan et al., 2015, Fujikawa et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Lebo et al., 2009, Bhutkar et al., 2008, Hsu et al., 2008, Weake et al., 2008, Lecuyer et al., 2007, Watkins et al., 2007, King-Jones et al., 2006)

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)

anon-EST:CL2a9

dbb

(Gordon et al., 2018, Sivachenko et al., 2016, Sivatchenko and Letsou, 2008, Sivatchenko and Letsou, 2007, Sivatchenko and Letsou, 2006)

hll

(Thimgan et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Thimgan et al., 2015)

Name Synonyms

double bubble

(Sivachenko et al., 2016)

doublebubble

(Sivatchenko and Letsou, 2007, Sivatchenko and Letsou, 2006)

heimdall

(Riahi et al., 2019, Thimgan et al., 2018, Thimgan et al., 2015)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0028519
FBgn0019862
FBgn0086409

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

References (57)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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