FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\hll
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\hll
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
heimdall
Annotation Symbol
CG4500
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0286723
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase (6.2.1.3)
Gene Summary
Mediates activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). Probably by regulating lipid storage and catabolism, plays a role in neuronal function (PubMed:25409104). (UniProt, Q9V3U0)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

dbb, BG:DS05899.1 , doublebubble

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
34F1-34F1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-50
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:14027001..14029368
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Sivachenko et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000645564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9V3S9
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in fatty acid metabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sivachenko et al., 2016)
involved_in long-chain fatty acid metabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gordon et al., 2018)
involved_in mesoderm development
inferred from expression pattern
(Furlong et al., 2001)
involved_in neuron cellular homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sivachenko et al., 2016)
involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Thimgan et al., 2015)
involved_in triglyceride homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Thimgan et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000645564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in long-chain fatty acid metabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9V3S9
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000645564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Bubblegum subfamily. (Q9V3U0)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity
a long-chain fatty acid + ATP + CoA = a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate (6.2.1.3)
RHEA 15421:
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
FATTY ACYL-COA SYNTHETASES -
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetases catalyze the "activation" of fatty acids by their thioesterification to CoA. This is the initial reaction in fatty acid metabolism, allowing their participation in many fundamental anabolic and catabolic pathways. (Adapted from FBrf0237395.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Mediates activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). Probably by regulating lipid storage and catabolism, plays a role in neuronal function (PubMed:25409104).
(UniProt, Q9V3U0)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\hll for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9V3U0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
hll-RA
FBtr0080591
NM_135852
2206
681
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.6 (northern blot)

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
hll-PA
FBpp0080168
75.2
681
6.56
Q9V3U0
NP_609696
AAF53370
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\hll using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.42

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
yolk
(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
ventral furrow
(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
embryonic stage 5
mesoderm anlage
(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
embryonic stage 6
mesoderm anlage
(Karaiskos et al., 2017)
organism | ventral
(Karaiskos et al., 2017)
embryonic stage 6 -- 17
mesoderm
(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
embryonic stage 17
embryonic/larval fat body
(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
virtual in situ hybridization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 6
mesoderm anlage
(Karaiskos et al., 2017)
organism | ventral
(Karaiskos et al., 2017)
Additional Descriptive Data

Transcripts are expressed in a narrow band of ventral cells in the blastoderm embryo. Expression extends to both poles of the embryo. Expression is strong in the part of the ventral furrow anterior to the cephalic furrow. Later, expression is observed in the mesoderm and in the yolk cells. In late embryos, expression is observed in the fat body.

(Casal and Leptin, 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\hll in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of hll
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of hll
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)Exel8032
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (10)
Hsap\ACSBG1
12 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\ACSBG2
11 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACSL1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACSL3
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\ACSL4
2 of 14
No
No
4  
Hsap\ACSL5
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ACSL6
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\ACSF2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SLC27A2
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\SLC27A5
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (10)
Rnor\Acsbg1
12 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Acsbg2
11 of 14
No
No
Rnor\LOC316124
6 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Acsl1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Acsl3
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Acsl4
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Acsl5
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Acsl6
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Slc27a2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Slc27a5
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (10)
Mmus\Acsbg1
11 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Acsbg2
11 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Acsbg3
7 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Acsl6
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Acsl1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Acsl3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Acsl5
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Acsl4
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Slc27a2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Slc27a5
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (8)
Xtro\acsbg1
5 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\acsbg2
5 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\acsl1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\acsl6
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\awat1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\bzw2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cc2d2a
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100494473
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (12)
Drer\acsbg1
11 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\acsbg2
10 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl1a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl3a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl3b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl5
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl4a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\acsl4b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\slc27a2b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\zgc:158482
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (11)
Cele\acs-15
5 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\acs-18
4 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-3
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-4
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-5
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-13
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-17
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-6
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-10
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-14
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\acs-21
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008596
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011603
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002503
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003482
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003623
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008557
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (15)
Atha\AAE15
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AAE16
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G11030
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS3
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS4
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS6
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS7
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS8
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\LACS9
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\4CL2
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\4CL3
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AAE13
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT4G05160
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
Scer\FAA1
2 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\FAA2
2 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\FAA3
2 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\FAA4
2 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\lcf1
2 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\lcf2
2 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)
Ecol\caiC
1 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\menE
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:hll. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (22)
bgm
12 of 13
Acsl
4 of 13
CG3961
4 of 13
Acsx1L
2 of 13
Acsx1R
2 of 13
Acsx2
2 of 13
Acsx3
2 of 13
Acsx4
2 of 13
Acsx5
2 of 13
CG4563
2 of 13
CG5568
2 of 13
CG8834
2 of 13
CG9993
2 of 13
CG17999
2 of 13
CG18586
2 of 13
pdgy
2 of 13
Acsf2
1 of 13
Acsf3
1 of 13
CG6178
1 of 13
Fatp1
1 of 13
Fatp2
1 of 13
Fatp3
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
hll1
model of  adrenoleukodystrophy
CEA with bgm1
(Sivachenko et al., 2016)
CEA
(Gordon et al., 2018)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
ACSBG1; acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1
12 of 14
614362
      ACSBG2; acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 2
      11 of 14
      614363
          Functional Complementation Data
          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
          Interactions
          Summary of Physical Interactions
          Interaction Browsers
          Summary of Genetic Interactions
          Interaction Browsers
          View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
          Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          hll
          enhanceable
          bgm
          (Sivachenko et al., 2016)
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          bgm
          enhanceable
          hll
          (Sivachenko et al., 2016)
          External Data
          Linkouts
          Pathways
          Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
          Metabolic Pathways
          FlyBase
          External Links
          FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
          External Data
          Linkouts
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Class of Gene
          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
          Chromosome (arm)
          2L
          Recombination map
          2-50
          Cytogenetic map
          34F1-34F1
          Sequence location
          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Evidence for location
          34F1-34F1
          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)34Fak00811&P{PZ}wb09437 and P{EP}elBEP2039&P{PZ}osprJ571
          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Notes
          References
          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
          Location

          2-50

          (FlyBase, 2016)

          2-45.6

          (Comeron et al., 2012)
          Left of (cM)
          Right of (cM)
          Notes
          Stocks and Reagents
          Stocks (7)
          Genomic Clones (15)
           

          Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

          cDNA Clones (222)
           

          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                Isolated from a subtractive cDNA library enriched in sequences expressed in the mesoderm.

                (Casal and Leptin, 1996)

                An CG4500 cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. CG4500 is expressed in the early mesoderm.

                (Casal and Leptin, 1996)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: BG:DS05899.1 anon- EST:CL2a9

                (Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

                Source for merge of: hll dbb

                (Sivachenko et al., 2016)
                Additional comments
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of

                Source for identity of: BG:DS05899.1 CG4500

                (Kodira, 1999.11)

                Source for identity of: hll CG4500

                (Thimgan et al., 2015)
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology

                'Heimdall' is the fictional character that for ages guarded the bridge to Asgard without sleep and without the consequences of sleep deprivation, similar characteristics to the 'hll' knockdown flies.

                (Thimgan et al., 2015)
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                Linkouts
                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                References (70)