mushroom body miniature B, imp-α2, importin α2, mbmB, Kap-α2
adaptor in the Ran-GTP nuclear transport cycle that binds a cargo protein to the nuclear import receptor Fs(2)Ket - Nanos inhibits translation of maternal importin-α2 mRNA thus regulating the maternal-zygotic transition - regulates Piwi nuclear transport which in turn transcriptionally regulates transposons - involved in centrosome duplication, mitotic spindle dynamics, nuclear envelope assembly, ring canal formation in the female germline, geotaxic behaviour and perception of pain
Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Pen for information on other features
To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Gene model reviewed during 5.52
Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.
2.6 (unknown)
2.8 (northern blot)
There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene
522 (aa); 54 (kD observed); 57.8 (kD predicted)
522 (aa); 58 (kD predicted)
Forms a complex with importin beta subunit.
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Pen using the Feature Mapper tool.
The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).
Pen transcript is detected at high levels in early embryos (0-4 hr), and is barely detectable in late embryos and first instar larvae. Expression levels increase significantly in second larval instar, and is high in adults, particularly females.
The Pen transcript is detected at high levels in 0-2 hr embryos, decreases through gastrulation, and increases once more during germ band extension before disappearing in late embryogenesis. Expression is detected once more in late third instar larvae and persists through pupal and adult stages. Expression is particularly high in adult females. In situ localization experiments show the early embryonic Pen expression to be ubiquitous. By nuclear cycle 10-13, expression is most intense in the pole cells, but seven weak stripes of Pen expression are visible in the anterioposterior axis. At gastrulation, the stripes are stronger. At germ band extension, Pen transcripts are restricted to neuroblasts and ventral ectoderm. After germ band extension, Pen transcript is found in the ventral nerve cord, and the proliferating regions of the brain lobe. In third larval instar, staining is detected in the imaginal discs, and more weakly in the ring and lymph glands. Expression is also detectable in the brain hemispheres and the ventral ganglion.
Although the size of the in-vitro translated Pen protein agrees with the predicted size, two size classes are seen in immunoblots. Phosphatase treatment showed that phosphorylation was responsible for the differences in migration. In immunoblots, the faster migrating species was seen in all developmental stages. High levels were detected in ovaries and early embryos. Only low levels were detected during larval development. The slower migrating species was only detected in ovaries and preblastoderm embyros.
JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\Pen in JBrowsePlease Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
monoclonal
polyclonal
dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.
Pen is a nuclear localisation signal (NLS)-binding protein that is involved in the intercellular transport of NLS-containing proteins from the nurse cells to the oocytes.
Loss of function mutations result in female sterility; homozygous females lay eggs which are smaller than wild-type and have open anterior ends. The oocytes are smaller than normal in stage 8 egg chambers and have an uneven surface, indicating that the early phase of cytoplasm transport is defective.
Pen gene product is a cell cycle-dependent component of the nucleus that may be required for critical nuclear reactions occurring during the onset of mitosis.
A sequence comparison and numerical analysis of the RRM-containing (RNA recognition motif) proteins suggests that functionally related RRM-containing proteins have significant sequence similarities in their RRMs.
Pen is localised in the cytoplasm during interphase, rapidly translocates into the nucleus at G2/M-phase transition and remains in the vicinity of the chromatin throughout the M-phase.
Behavioural and anatomical studies demonstrate that central brain lesions can be interpreted behaviourally.
Source for merge of: Pen anon-WO0140519.258
Source for merge of: Pen l(2)k06324
Source for merge of: Pen mbmB
Source for merge of Pen anon-WO0140519.258 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "oho-31" is in error, the gene referred to as "oho-31" in FBrf0137017 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "oho31" is in error, the gene referred to as "oho31" in FBrf0103636 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "OHO31" is in error, the gene referred to as "OHO31" in FBrf0099880 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "oho31" is in error, the gene referred to as "oho31" in FBrf0088012 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "Oho31" is in error, the gene referred to as "Oho31" in FBrf0080740 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: "oho31" phenotype (overgrown hematopoietic tissues and larval lethality) in the "l(2)k14401" insertion line is stated in FBrf0082252 to be due to an effect on the "Pen" gene, however, FBrf0149010 states that the "oho31" mutant phenotype is caused by a second site mutation separable from the insertion in "Pen" in the "l(2)k14401" insertion line.
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "OHO31" is in error, the gene referred to as "OHO31" in FBrf0079531 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "oho31" is in error, the gene referred to as "oho31" in FBrf0083561 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
FlyBase curator comment: "oho31" phenotype (overgrown hematopoietic tissues and larval lethality) in the "l(2)k14401" insertion line is stated in FBrf0082712 to be due to an effect on the "Pen" gene, however, FBrf0149010 states that the "oho31" mutant phenotype is caused by a second site mutation separable from the insertion in "Pen" in the "l(2)k14401" insertion line.
FlyBase curator comment: Designation as "oho31" is in error, the gene referred to as "Oho31" in FBrf0121419 is actually "Pen" (FBgn0011823). Confusion arose because the phenotypes of the "l(2)k14401" insertion line (the larval lethality and overgrown hematopoietic tissue phenotypes, which are caused by mutation in oho31, FBgn0010332) are separable from the insertion (which is in Pen) (see FBrf0149010).
