FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\BaraA2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\BaraA2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Baramicin A2
Annotation Symbol
CG18279
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0288447
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
3 publicly available
Gene Summary
Baramicin A2 (BaraA2), like its identical paralog BaraA1, encodes a polypeptide precursor that is cleaved at furin cleavage sites to give rise to antifungal peptides, and is regulated by the Toll signalling pathway. BaraA2 mutants are susceptible to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections and also show deficient recovery after neurotoxin injection. [Date last reviewed: 2023-09-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

IM10, IMPPP, Immune induced molecule 10, BaraA, DIM 20

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
50A5-50A5
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-68
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:13407011..13408358
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (5 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from direct assay
(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
involved_in antifungal innate immune response
inferred from direct assay
(Hanson et al., 2021)
inferred from expression pattern
(Hanson and Lemaitre, 2022)
involved_in humoral immune response
inferred from expression pattern
(Verleyen et al., 2006)
involved_in response to bacterium
inferred from high throughput expression pattern
(Levy et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Hanson et al., 2021, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from sequence model
(Hanson and Lemaitre, 2022)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    Baramicin A2 (BaraA2), like its identical paralog BaraA1, encodes a polypeptide precursor that is cleaved at furin cleavage sites to give rise to antifungal peptides, and is regulated by the Toll signalling pathway. BaraA2 mutants are susceptible to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections and also show deficient recovery after neurotoxin injection. [Date last reviewed: 2023-09-07]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    BARAMICINS -
    Baramicins are peptides united by their N-terminal IM24 domain. Multiple Baramicin paralogs exist in Drosophila melanogaster and other species - full-length, multi-domain paralogs are immune-induced antimicrobial peptides, whereas truncated paralogs that have only an IM24 domain appear to have neurological roles. (Adapted from PMID:35714143.)
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Secreted immune-induced peptides induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:34432851, PubMed:9736738). Has a significant role in resistance to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus B.bassiana R444 and weak antifungal activity against M.rileyi PHP1705 (PubMed:34432851). In adult males, activity appears to be important for neuromuscular processes that mediate correct wing posture upon Toll activation (PubMed:34432851).
    (UniProt, C0HM00)
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    2
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\BaraA2 for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry C0HM00)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.49

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    BaraA2-RA
    FBtr0087654
    NM_165982
    905
    257
    BaraA2-RC
    FBtr0339757
    NM_165981
    1160
    257
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    BaraA2-PA
    FBpp0086780
    28.0
    257
    11.28
    Q8ML70
    NP_725288
    AAG22273
    BaraA2-PC
    FBpp0308804
    28.0
    257
    11.28
    Q8ML70
    NP_725287
    AAM68571
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    257 aa isoforms: BaraA2-PA, BaraA2-PC
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments

    Small BaraA2-derived peptides identified by nano LC-MS/MS: pQTDNTQYIRT-amide, IQTDNTQYIRT-amide, TVLIQTDNTQYIRT-amide, GTVLIQTDNTQYIRT-amide, EPVPQPGTVLIQTDNTQYIRT-amide.

    (Verleyen et al., 2006)
    External Data
    Post Translational Modification

    Proteolytically cleaved.

    (UniProt, C0HM00)
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\BaraA2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.31

    Transcript Expression
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 13 -- 16
    embryonic head epidermis
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    embryonic/larval fat body
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    gonad
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    ventral imaginal tissue
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    mass spectroscopy
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    embryonic/larval hemolymph

    Comment: infected with M. luteus and E. coli

    peptides: TVDVGNGGFYIQR

    (Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
    adult stage
    adult head
    (Aradska et al., 2015)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    is_active_in extracellular space
    inferred from direct assay
    (Hanson et al., 2021, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\BaraA2 in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of BaraA2
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of BaraA2
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:BaraA2. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Gene Symbol
    Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
    BaraB
    2 of 13
    BaraA1
    1 of 13
    BaraC
    1 of 13
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Myd88
      suppressible
      BaraA2
      (Huang et al., 2023)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-68
      Cytogenetic map
      50A5-50A5
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      50A5-50A5
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}DpEP358 and P{lacW}drkk13809&P{EP}mip120EP606
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-68

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-72.1

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (3)
      Genomic Clones (19)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (102)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            BaraA copy number is variable in various lab strains and wild-caught flies - only 14% of DGRP strains have two BaraA copies.

            (Hanson and Lemaitre, 2022)

            Identification: Encodes a protein that is induced by immune challenge.

            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: IM10 IM5 IM6 IM8 IM20

            (Levy et al., 2004)

            Source for merge of: IMPPP IM22

            (Hanson et al., 2021)
            Additional comments

            CG33470 ('BaraA1') is identical to its neighbouring gene CG18279 ('BaraA2') owing to a duplication event of the BaraA locus present in the D. melanogaster reference genome. The duplication involves the entire 'BaraA' gene including over 1kbp of 100% identical promoter sequence, and also the neighbouring CG30059 gene and the 3' terminus of the 'ATP8A' gene region. Available sequence data suggests the 'BaraA1' and 'BaraA2' transcripts are 100% identical. BaraA copy number is variable in common lab strains and wild flies, indicating this duplication event is not fixed in D. melanogaster.

            (Hanson et al., 2021)

            Source for identity of CG18279 DIM-10 DIM-12 DIM-13 DIM-24 was sequence identity ( date:031215 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: CG18279 DIM-10 DIM-12 DIM-13 DIM-24

            (FlyBase, 1996-)

            Source for identity of: IMPPP IM10

            (Levy et al., 2004)

            Source for identity of: BaraA2 IMPPP

            (Hanson et al., 2021)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology

            Named 'Baramicin A' for the Japanese idiom Bara Bara, meaning 'to break apart', a reference to the fragmenting structure of the Baramicin precursor protein and its many peptidic products.

            (Hanson et al., 2021)
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (42)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            Bara
            (Wu and Yan, 2022)
            BaraA
            (Wang et al., 2024, Huang et al., 2023, Valanne et al., 2022)
            BaraA2
            (Rommelaere et al., 2025, Hanson and Lemaitre, 2022, Hanson et al., 2021)
            CG18279
            (Huang et al., 2023, Hanson and Lemaitre, 2022, Hanson et al., 2021, Aradska et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, McEachern et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2012, Herranz et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2010, Ellis and Carney, 2009, Perkins et al., 2009, Zsindely et al., 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Wertheim et al., 2005, Levy et al., 2004, Giot et al., 2003, Boutros et al., 2002)
            DIM 10
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 12
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 13
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 20
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 22
            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 24
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 5
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 6
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM 8
            (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            DIM-10
            (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
            DIM-12
            (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
            DIM-13
            (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
            DIM-24
            (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
            DIM10
            (Verleyen et al., 2006)
            DIM12
            (Verleyen et al., 2006)
            DIM13
            (Verleyen et al., 2006)
            IM10
            (Kenmoku et al., 2017, Kavi et al., 2015, Paparazzo et al., 2015, DeSalvo et al., 2014, Donlea et al., 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Gendrin et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Érdi et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Rynes et al., 2012, Karpac et al., 2011, Walker et al., 2011, Kong et al., 2010, Pospisilik et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Ellis and Carney, 2009, Kelleher and Pennington, 2009, Zsindely et al., 2009, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Kwon et al., 2008, Busse et al., 2007, Norgate et al., 2007, Stahl et al., 2007, Zraly et al., 2006)
            IM20
            IM22
            IM5
            IM6
            IM8
            IMPP
            (Vasudevan et al., 2017)
            IMPPP
            (Bandyadka et al., 2025, Waring et al., 2022, Hanson et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Kwon et al., 2020, Martínez et al., 2020, Hanson et al., 2019)
            im10
            (Sharma et al., 2011)
            Name Synonyms
            Baramicin A2
            (Hanson et al., 2021)
            DIM 24 family precursor
            (Levy et al., 2004)
            IM10
            (Kong et al., 2010)
            Immune induced molecule 10
            (McEachern et al., 2014, Morozova et al., 2007, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Immune induced molecule 20
            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Immune induced molecule 22
            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Immune induced molecule 5
            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Immune induced molecule 6
            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Immune induced molecule 8
            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Immune induced molecule prepropeptide
            Immune-induced peptides precursor
            (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
            immune-induced
            (Hosamani et al., 2016)
            immune-induced molecule 10
            (Érdi et al., 2012)
            molecule 10
            (Hosamani et al., 2016)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0283462
            • FBgn0033835
            • FBgn0067899
            • FBgn0067898
            • FBgn0067896
            • FBgn0067902
            • FBgn0067900
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 20 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            References (77)