FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Human Disease Model Report: diabetes mellitus type 2, environmental toxin-induced
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General Information
Name
diabetes mellitus type 2, environmental toxin-induced
FlyBase ID
FBhh0001138
Disease Ontology Term
Parent Disease
OMIM
Overview

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is an organochlorine herbicide used commonly in the United States. Adult exposure to atrazine has been linked with hyperglycemia in rats ad fish, and gestational diabetes in humans.

Flies exposed to atrazine throught development show gluose and trehalose levels increased to diabetic levels in hemolymph and tissue samples, along with increased free fatty acid levels. Atrazine exposure causes insulin resistance, as seen by dysregulation of genes including InR, foxo, and insulin-like peptides (gene group: FBgg0000048) in a manner consistent with models of noninsulin-dependent type 2 diabetes (FBhh0000153). Atrazine-exposed flies also show increased oxidative stress, which can be mitigated by overexpressing Sod2.

Exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP), has been found to cause a diabetes mellitus type 1-like phenotype in flies, see FBhh0001137.

[updated November 2019 by FlyBase; FBrf0222196]

Disease Summary Information
Disease Summary: diabetes mellitus type 2, environmental toxin-induced
OMIM report
Human gene(s) implicated
Symptoms and phenotype
Genetics
Cellular phenotype and pathology

Drosophila reared on chronic high sugar diet are hyperglycemic, insulin-resistant with higher levels of triglycerides as well as free fatty acids and obese, which are typical features of type 2 diabetes. (Gupta et al. 2019 and references therein, FBrf0243289.)

(FlyBase Curators, 2013-)
Molecular information
External links
    Disease synonyms
    Ortholog Information
    Human gene(s) in FlyBase
      Other mammalian ortholog(s) used
        D. melanogaster Gene Information (0)
        Other Genes Used: Viral, Bacterial, Synthetic (0)
          Summary of Physical Interactions (0 groups)
          Alleles Reported to Model Human Disease (Disease Ontology) (0 alleles)
          Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
          Genetic Tools, Stocks and Reagents
          Sources of Stocks
          Contact lab of origin for a reagent not available from a public stock center.
          Bloomington Stock Center Disease Page
          Related mammalian, viral, bacterial, or synthetic transgenes
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          Publicly Available Stocks
          Selected Drosophila transgenes
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          Publicly Available Stocks
          RNAi constructs available
          Allele
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          Publicly Available Stocks
          Selected Drosophila classical alleles
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          Publicly Available Stocks
          References (3)