lethal | pupal stage (with Df(2L)Gpdh1-A)
cystocyte & nucleus & pharate adult
eye & nucleus & pharate adult
gonad | male & pharate adult
The majority of Lam14 and Lam14/Df(2L)GpdhA mutants die at the pharate adult stage and the rest die throughout the pupal stage. Under 1% of these mutants eclose; such animals have severe defects in walking and flying and die within a few days. Lam14 mutants that fail to eclose remain alive in the puparium for at least 2 days after the onset of the pharate adult stage and show muscle contractions. Lam14/+ mutants fully eclose and exhibit no defects in walking or flying. 45% of Lam14/LamP transheterozygotes eclose and resulting adults show defects in walking and flying. Mitotic structures and overall nuclear shape are normal in larval and late pupal stages for Lam14 mutants. However, the nuclear envelope is abnormal in the larval CNS of these mutants; nucleoporins are clustered, although the structure of individual nucleoporins is normal. Clustering coincides with an absence of LamC protein. Developmental abnormalities occur during late pupal stages before Lam14 mutants die. For example, the ventral ganglia of Lam14 mutants is underdeveloped, with thoracic neuromeres showing incomplete expansion. Lam14 eyes show a nuclear migration defect and have an accumulation of red pigmented material. The ventral abdominal exoskeleton of mutants in late pupa is partially transparent. Egg chambers of Lam14 females fail to develop beyond stage 6 or 7 and by the pharate adult stage, Lam14 ovaries are smaller than wild type and contain cystocytes with unusually large nuclei. Male Lam14 gonads also arrest development at an unusually early stage. The ventriculus of Lam14 mutants in late pupal stages is ~3- to 5-fold larger than wild type. This phenotype appears to result from increased cell proliferation as the ventriculus of newly-eclosed Lam14 adults contain between 32 and 112 dividing cells, compared to ~3 dividing cells in the wild-type ventriculus at this stage. Muscle structure is similar to wild type in the Lam14 ventriculus, but longitudinal muscle fibers are slightly thicker and appear to contain less nuclei than wild type. The distribution of epithelial cells beneath the muscle layer is not different to wild type.
Lam14 has adult midgut phenotype, suppressible by EcRB1.hs
Df(2L)Gpdh1-A/Lam14 is rescued by Lam+tLa