Adh
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
Transgene coplacement studies indicate that the correlation in specific activity between D.melanogaster and D.affinidisjuncta Adh genes that occupy the same position is high in both larvae and adults.
Deletion analysis of the small introns of Daff\Adh suggest they are needed for normal transcription but mechanisms other than a classical DNA enhancer are involved in their function.
Daff\Adh promoter sequences from -565bp to +18bp have been studied by DNA footprinting analysis.
The phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of 39 drosophilid species have been studied by using the coding region of the Adh gene.
Somatic transformation of Daff\Adh in D.melanogaster flies identifies cis-acting elements that are highly conserved between the D.melanogaster and D.affinidisjuncta genes.
Phylogenetic DNA sequence comparison of ten Drosophila species has been used to elucidate the secondary structure of Adh mRNA. One possible pairing region in the 5' leader sequence and 22 in the coding and noncoding regions have been identified by seeking an equivalent pairing region in homologous RNA. Most are short range pairings such as hairpins. The rate of coevolution in noncoding pairing region is higher than in coding regions in accordance with selective constraints on substitution rates in coding region.
Phylogenetic relationships in Drosophila are studied using the Alcohol dehydrogenase locus in several species.
Naturally occurring tissue-specific regulatory differences for Daff\Adh gene are mapped to three regions within the 840bp promoter region.
Phylogenetic trees were constructed from the genetic distance between species using several different algorithms. D.picticornis is more distant from the other members in the planitibia subgroup of the Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila than from the grimshawi group (D.affinidisjuncta). D.differens and D.planitibia show heterogeneity in the nucleotide changes of the Adh coding region due to a conversion or recombination event after hybridization between the two species.
Tissue specific patterns of Adh expression were studied by comparing D.melanogaster transformants that carry Adh genes from D.affinidisjuncta, D.hawaiiensis and D.grimshawi. Northern blot analysis and gel electrophoresis of transformant larvae carrying the D.affinidisjuncta and D.grimshawi Adh gene show comparable high levels of expression and broader tissue distribution of Adh expression, transformants carrying the D.hawaiiensis Adh gene show reduced levels of each.
Daff\Adh is expressed at comparable levels in D.melanogaster and D.affinidisjuncta, and tissue and stage specificity of expression is similar in the two species. In some details expression of Daff\Adh in D.melanogaster resembles that of Daff\Adh in D.affinidisjuncta.
Daff\Adh and Dhaw\Adh display markedly different levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in the larval midgut and Malpighian tubules. Comparison of the expression of Daff\Adh and Dhaw\Adh in transgenes in D.melanogaster demonstrates that the tissue specific levels of alcohol dehydrogenase are characteristic of the genes themselves. Demonstrable differences in cis-dominant regulatory information are sufficient to account for the observed regulatory variation.
