Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental physiological function and is essential for all animals. Sleep is affected by diet compositions including protein (P) and carbohydrates (C), but there has not been a systematic investigation on the effect of dietary macronutrient balance on sleep. We used the nutritional geometry framework (NGF) to explore the interactive effects on sleep of protein (P) and carbohydrates (C) in the model organism Drosophila. Both female and male flies were fed various diets containing seven ratios of protein-to-carbohydrates at different energetic levels for 5 days and sleep was monitored by the Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) system. Our results showed that the combination of low protein and high carbohydrates (LPHC) prolonged sleep time and sleep quality, with fewer sleep episodes and longer sleep duration. We further found that the effects of macronutrients on sleep mirrored levels of hemolymph glucose and whole-body glycogen. Moreover, transcriptomic analyses revealed that a high-protein, low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diet significantly elevated the gene expression of metabolic pathways when compared to the LPHC diet, with the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway being most strongly elevated. Further studies confirmed that the contents of glycine, serine, and threonine affected sleep. Our results demonstrate that sleep is affected by the dietary balance of protein and carbohydrates possibly mediated by the change in glucose, glycogen, glycine, serine, and threonine.
