Phosphoenolpyruvate can also be produced in the mitochondrion by Pepck2 and exported via the sea transporter into the cytosol. Alternatively, cytosolic oxaloacetate can be generated via the malate-aspartate shuttle. It is not clear whether these metabolite sources are used for gluconeogenesis in D. melanogaster, thus the genes involved in their production/transport are not included in the gene list. Aldol is a paralog of Aldo and is specifically expressed in testis. It is not clear if Aldol is enzymatically active as the catalytic residues are not conserved. As there is no functional information, Aldol is not included in the gene list. Gapdh3 is a paralog of Gapdh1 and Gapdh2 and is specifically expressed in testis. As there is no functional information, Gapdh3 is not included in the gene list. Pgk2 is a paralog of Pgk and is specifically expressed in testis. As there is no functional information, Pgk2 is not included in the gene list. Pgam2 and Pgaml are paralogs of Pgam1. Pgam2 is specifically expressed in testis. As there is no functional information, Pgam2 and Pgaml are not included in the gene list. Dic2, Dic3 and Dic4 are paralogs of Dic1. Dic2, Dic3 and Dic4 are specifically expressed in the testis. As Dic3 does not transport malate, Dic4 appears to lack transport activity and Dic2 lacks functional information, Dic2, Dic3 and Dic4 are not included in the gene list. Mdh2b and Mdh2c are paralogs of Mdh2 and are specifically expressed in testis. As there is no functional information, Mdh2b and Mdh2c are not included in the gene list.