Abstract
Over 100 sequences for cuticular proteins are now available, but there have been no formal analyses of how these sequences might contribute to the helicoidal architecture of cuticle or to the interaction of these proteins with chitin. A secondary structure prediction scheme (Hamodrakas, S.J., 1988. A protein secondary structure prediction scheme for the IBM PC and compatibles. CABIOS 4, 473-477) that combines six different algorithms predicting alpha-helix, beta-strands and beta-turn/loops/coil has been used to predict the secondary structure of chorion proteins and experimental confirmation has established its utility (Hamodrakas, S.J., 1992. Molecular architecture of helicoidal proteinaceous eggshells. In: Case, S.T. (Ed.), Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, Vol. 19, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer Verlag, pp. 116-186 and references therein). We have used this same scheme with eight cuticular protein sequences associated with hard cuticles and nineteen from soft cuticles. Secondary structure predictions were restricted to a conserved 68 amino acid region that begins with a preponderance of hydrophilic residues and ends with a 33 amino acid consensus region, first identified by Rebers and Riddiford (Rebers, J.F., Riddiford, L.M., 1988. Structure and expression of a Manduca sexta larval cuticle gene homologous to Drosophila cuticle genes. J. Mol. Biol. 203, 411-423). Both classes of sequences showed a preponderance of beta-pleated sheet, with four distinct strands in the proteins from 'hard' cuticles and three from 'soft'. In both cases, tyrosine and phenylalanine were found on one face within a sheet, an optimal location for interaction with chitin. We propose that this beta-sheet dictates formation of helicoidal cuticle.
