Reiss, D., Quesneville, H., Nouaud, D., Andrieu, O., Anxolabehere, D. (2003). Hoppel, a P-like element without introns: a P-element ancestral structure or a retrotranscription derivative?  Mol. Biol. Evol. 20(6): 869--879.

FBrf0159203

Research paper

An in silico search for P-transposable-element-related sequences in the Drosophila melanogaster genome allowed us to detect sequences that are similar to P-element transposases. These sequences are located in the central region of 3.4-kb Hoppel elements, a class II transposon. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the insertional polymorphism revealed that these elements are mobile. The 3.4-kb elements are the longest copies of this family ever found. They contain an open reading frame that is long enough to encode a transposase, suggesting that the 3.4-kb elements are the full-length copies of the Hoppel family. Multiple alignments of several P-element transposases from different species and the Hoppel-element-encoded peptide showed that all of the P-element introns and the 5' region of the transposase are absent from the Hoppel sequence. Sequence analysis combined with reverse transcriptase PCR analysis showed that the 3.4-kb Hoppel elements are intronless. P and Hoppel not only share similar amino acid sequences but also have terminal inverted repeats of the same length (31 bp), and their excision footprints present a similar structure, which suggests that their transposases are functionally very similar. Thus, we propose that the Hoppel element family be included in the P-element superfamily. Two evolutionary scenarios are discussed considering the presence /absence of introns within the P-element superfamily.