FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\del
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\del
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
deadlock
Annotation Symbol
CG9252
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0086251
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
deadlock (del) encodes a protein that interacts with the products of rhi and cuff in a germline complex that allows noncanonical transcription of dual-strand piRNA clusters. It is therefore an integral part of the piRNA response to transposon activity in the germline. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
39A4-39A5
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-54
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:21145137..21148546
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in fusome organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wehr et al., 2006)
involved_in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wehr et al., 2006)
involved_in mitotic spindle organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wehr et al., 2006)
involved_in oocyte development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wehr et al., 2006)
involved_in oocyte karyosome formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ghabrial et al., 1998)
involved_in oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wehr et al., 2006)
involved_in oogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wehr et al., 2006)
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1991)
involved_in positive regulation of piRNA transcription
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Czech et al., 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in oogenesis
traceable author statement
(van Eeden and St. Johnston, 1999)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centrosome
inferred from direct assay
(Wehr et al., 2006)
located_in heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Andersen et al., 2017)
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Czech et al., 2013)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Wehr et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    deadlock (del) encodes a protein that interacts with the products of rhi and cuff in a germline complex that allows noncanonical transcription of dual-strand piRNA clusters. It is therefore an integral part of the piRNA response to transposon activity in the germline. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    RHINO-DEADLOCK-CUTOFF COMPLEX -
    The Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex is a trimer that binds H3K9me3 and anchors itself onto dual-strand clusters. RDC complex regulates the non-canonical transcription and co-transcriptional processing of PIWI interacting RNA (piRNA) precursors and transposon silencing. (Adapted from FBrf0225218 and FBrf0250952).
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Developmental protein involved in oogenesis (PubMed:16616913). Required for germline maintenance, stability of mitotic spindles, localization of patterning determinants, oocyte growth and fusome biogenesis in males and females (PubMed:16616913). Also required for dorso-ventral and antero-posterior patterning of oocyte and eggshell (PubMed:16616913). May be involved in microtubule function during oogenesis (PubMed:16616913). Part of a rhi-dependent transcription machinery that enables the generation of piRNA precursors from heterochromatin while maintaining the suppression of transposon-encoded promoters and enhancers (PubMed:28847004). Component of the RDC complex (rhi, del and cuff) which binds to repressive H3K9me3 marks in the piRNA clusters (PubMed:28847004). RDC promotes the bidirectional transcription of piRNA clusters at these sites by interacting with Moonshiner which forms a complex with the transcription initiation factors TfIIA-S and Trf2 (PubMed:28847004). This mechanism allows transcription to occur in piRNA clusters despite the lack of proper promoter elements and in the presence of the repressive H3K9me3 mark (PubMed:28847004). As part of the RDC complex, involved in suppression of splicing (PubMed:27292797).
    (UniProt, Q9VIF5)
    Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
    del: deadlock (T. Schupbach)
    Female-sterile; homozygous del1 females often have underdeveloped ovaries which seem to lack germ cells altogether. In some females a small number of developing egg chambers are found. These never develop beyond the first few stages of oogenesis. Females homozygous for del2 and del3 have normal numbers of developing egg chambers of all stages in their ovaries. The eggs produced by the females very frequently have fused dorsal appendages, or lack dorsal appendages altogether, and remain unfertilized.
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    3
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    2

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\del for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VIF5)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
    Comments on Gene Model

    Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

    Gene model reviewed during 5.46

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    del-RA
    FBtr0081502
    NM_136247
    3163
    981
    del-RB
    FBtr0333084
    NM_001273736
    3154
    978
    del-RC
    FBtr0333085
    NM_001273737
    3292
    981
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    del-PA
    FBpp0081030
    110.8
    981
    9.66
    Q9VIF5
    NP_610091
    AAF53964
    del-PB
    FBpp0305297
    110.5
    978
    9.62
    M9PDW9
    NP_001260665
    AGB93200
    del-PC
    FBpp0305298
    110.8
    981
    9.66
    Q9VIF5
    NP_001260666
    AGB93201
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    981 aa isoforms: del-PA, del-PC
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

    Component of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex, composed of rhi/rhino, del/deadlock and cuff/cutoff (PubMed:24906153). Interacts (via N-terminus) with rhi/rhino (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:29858487). Interacts (via C-terminus) with cuff/cutoff; this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153).

    (UniProt, Q9VIF5)
    Crossreferences
    PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\del using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.26

    Transcript Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in centrosome
    inferred from direct assay
    (Wehr et al., 2006)
    located_in heterochromatin
    inferred from direct assay
    (Andersen et al., 2017)
    is_active_in nucleus
    inferred from direct assay
    (Czech et al., 2013)
    located_in nucleus
    inferred from direct assay
    (Wehr et al., 2006)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\del in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of del
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of del
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 6 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
    viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
    Sterility
    Allele
    female sterile
    female sterile, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
    male sterile (with del2)
    male sterile (with del4)
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal cell number | oogenesis (with del2)
    abnormal cell number | oogenesis (with del4)
    abnormal cell polarity | oogenesis (with del2)
    abnormal cell polarity | oogenesis (with del4)
    abnormal mitotic cell cycle, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, del2/del4
    abnormal mitotic cell cycle (with del2)
    abnormal mitotic cell cycle (with del2), with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, delUASp.Tag:HA
    abnormal mitotic cell cycle (with del4)
    abnormal mitotic cell cycle (with del4), with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, delUASp.Tag:HA
    abnormal size | oogenesis (with del2)
    abnormal size | oogenesis (with del4)
    decreased cell number | oogenesis (with del2)
    decreased cell number | oogenesis (with del4)
    increased cell death (with del2)
    increased cell death (with del4)
    some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    dorsal appendage, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, del2/del4
    dorsal appendage (with del2)
    dorsal appendage (with del2), with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, delUASp.Tag:HA
    dorsal appendage (with del4)
    dorsal appendage (with del4), with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, delUASp.Tag:HA
    egg, with Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C, del2/del4
    egg, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, del2/del4
    egg (with del2), with Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C, delUASp.Tag:HA
    egg (with del2), with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, delUASp.Tag:HA
    egg (with del4), with Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C, delUASp.Tag:HA
    egg (with del4), with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, delUASp.Tag:HA
    egg chamber (with del2)
    egg chamber (with del4)
    egg chorion (with del2)
    egg chorion (with del4)
    fusome (with del2)
    fusome (with del4)
    karyosome
    karyosome (with del2)
    karyosome (with del4)
    microtubule cytoskeleton (with del2)
    microtubule cytoskeleton (with del4)
    oocyte (with del2)
    oocyte (with del4)
    ovariole (with del2)
    ovariole (with del4)
    ovary (with del2)
    ovary (with del4)
    posterior aeropyle (with del2)
    posterior aeropyle (with del4)
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:del. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      del
      enhanceable
      αTub84B
      (Wehr et al., 2006)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Dg
      enhanceable
      del
      (Kucherenko et al., 2008)
      Dys
      suppressible
      del
      (Kucherenko et al., 2008)
      moon
      suppressible
      Trf2|del
      (Andersen et al., 2017)
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Component of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex, composed of rhi/rhino, del/deadlock and cuff/cutoff (PubMed:24906153). Interacts (via N-terminus) with rhi/rhino (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:29858487). Interacts (via C-terminus) with cuff/cutoff; this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153).
      (UniProt, Q9VIF5 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-54
      Cytogenetic map
      39A4-39A5
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      39A4-39A5
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(2)0528705287 and P{lacW}l(2)k07215k07215&P{lacW}snRNA:U4:39Bk09410
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-54

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-54.5

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2-[54]

      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (9)
      Genomic Clones (14)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (41)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        monoclonal

        (ElMaghraby et al., 2019, Andersen et al., 2017)

        polyclonal

        (Mohn et al., 2014)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            del mutant oocytes exhibit defects in nuclear morphology, their DNA fails to condense normally and can sometimes become polyploid.

            (Wehr et al., 2006)

            The del locus affects early oogenesis: mutations cause the production of few, defective germ cells.

            (Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1991)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: del CG9252

            (Wehr et al., 2006)
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 39 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (78)