FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Gpa2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gpa2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Glycoprotein hormone alpha 2
Annotation Symbol
CG17878
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261386
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
2 publicly available
Gene Summary
Glycoprotein hormone alpha 2 (Gpa2) encodes a protein that, when linked to the product of Gpb5, can activate the G protein-coupled receptor encoded by Lgr1. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
RefSeq locus
NW_007931083 REGION:3093..3557
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
contributes_to G protein-coupled receptor binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Lgr1; FB:FBgn0016650
(Sudo et al., 2005)
contributes_to hormone activity
inferred from direct assay
(Sudo et al., 2005)
enables protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Gpb5; FB:FBgn0063368
(Sudo et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables hormone receptor binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001579442
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Sudo et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cell surface receptor signaling pathway
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001579442
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001579442
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in extracellular space
inferred by curator from GO:0005179
(Sudo et al., 2005)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Glycoprotein hormone alpha 2 (Gpa2) encodes a protein that, when linked to the product of Gpb5, can activate the G protein-coupled receptor encoded by Lgr1. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
NEUROPEPTIDES -
Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gpa2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A0A6I8WFJ4)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 6.27

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gpa2-RC
FBtr0475054
NM_001110584
407
129
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gpa2-PC
FBpp0423268
14.2
129
8.25
EDP27970
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gpa2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.68

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
larval GPA2/GPB5 neuron of the ventral nerve cord
(Sellami et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data

Gpa2 transcript is expressed in a set of four neurons on each side of the first four abdominal neurons of the larval ventral nerve cord. The cells also express Gpb5 transcript.

(Sellami et al., 2011)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gpa2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 0 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gpa2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gpa2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 0 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
    Hsap\GPHA2
    6 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
    Rnor\Gpha2
    6 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
    Mmus\Gpha2
    5 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
    Xtro\gpha2
    2 of 13
    Yes
    Yes
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
    Drer\gpha2
    6 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
    Cele\flr-2
    9 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP008301
    11 of 12
    Yes
    Yes
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP000238
    1 of 12
    No
    Yes
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Gpa2. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      GPHA2; glycoprotein hormone subunit alpha 2
      6 of 14
      609651
          Functional Complementation Data
          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
          Interactions
          Summary of Physical Interactions
          Interaction Browsers
          View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
          Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
          protein-protein
          Physical Interaction
          Assay
          References
          Gpa2 - Gpb5
          anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, western blot, cross-linking study
          (Sudo et al., 2005)
          Summary of Genetic Interactions
          Interaction Browsers
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          External Data
          Linkouts
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          Pathways
          Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
          Metabolic Pathways
          FlyBase
          External Links
          External Data
          Linkouts
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Class of Gene
          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
          Chromosome (arm)
          Unmapped_Scaffold_8_D1580_D1567
          Recombination map
          Cytogenetic map
          Sequence location
          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Evidence for location
          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Notes
          References
          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
          Location
          Left of (cM)
          Right of (cM)
          Notes
          Stocks and Reagents
          Stocks (2)
          Genomic Clones (1)
           

          Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

          cDNA Clones (0)
           

          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
          BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

              For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                BDGP DGC clones
                  Other clones
                    RNAi and Array Information
                    Linkouts
                    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                    Antibody Information
                    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                     
                    Commercially Available Antibodies
                     
                    Cell Line Information
                    Publicly Available Cell Lines
                     
                      Other Stable Cell Lines
                       
                        Other Comments

                        Annotation CG17878 eliminated in release 3 of the genome annotation, January 2003.

                        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)
                        Relationship to Other Genes
                        Source for database merge of

                        Source for merge of: Gpa2 CG17878

                        (FlyBase, 1996-)
                        Additional comments

                        Source for merge of Gpa2 CG17878 was BLAST of GenBank accession AY940435 against the release 5 D.melanogaster genome.

                        (FlyBase, 1996-)
                        Nomenclature History
                        Source for database identify of
                        Nomenclature comments
                        Etymology

                        Named "Gpa2" after the human ortholog.

                        (FlyBase, 2009-)
                        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
                        Reported As
                        Symbol Synonym
                        CG17878
                        (Mao et al., 2024, Meadows, 2019.11.20, Caizzi et al., 2016, Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project, 2007)
                        GPA2
                        (Kannangara et al., 2021, Chen et al., 2016, Caers et al., 2012, Sellami et al., 2011, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Sudo et al., 2005, Sudo et al., 2005.2.20)
                        Gpa2
                        (Deshpande et al., 2022, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-)
                        gpa2
                        (Vandersmissen et al., 2014)
                        Name Synonyms
                        Glycoprotein hormone alpha 2
                        (Nässel and Winther, 2010)
                        Glycoprotein hormone alpha 2 ortholog
                        glycoprotein hormone alpha 2
                        Secondary FlyBase IDs
                        • FBgn0083224
                        • FBan0017878
                        • FBgn0039947
                        Datasets (0)
                        Study focus (0)
                        Experimental Role
                        Project
                        Project Type
                        Title
                        Study result (0)
                        Result
                        Result Type
                        Title
                        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 24 )
                        Sequence Crossreferences
                        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                        Other crossreferences
                        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                        Linkouts
                        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                        References (19)