Expression of pain^GD2221 driven by Scer\GAL4^ppk.1.9 causes defects in baseline thermal nociception (reduced withdrawal to a 48[o]C stimulus, without UV exposure).

Down-regulation of pain in pain-positive neurons, through expression of pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^pain-GAL4, induces male-male courtship behavior, while Scer\GAL4^pain-GAL4 heterozygous and pain^GD2221 heterozygous flies do not exhibit this behavior.

Preferential knockdown of pain in about two-thirds of the olfactory projection neurons, through expression of pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^GH146, induces strong male-male courtship behavior.

Preferential knockdown of pain in certain gustatory receptor neurons by driving pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^Gr66a.PD, Scer\GAL4^Poxn.13 or Scer\GAL4^109(2)80 results in weak male-male courtship behavior. Downregulation of pain in mushroom body Kenyon cells and the neurons in the central complex, through expression of pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^ey-OK107 and Scer\GAL4^Aph-4-c507, respectively, does not result in any significant male-male courtship behavior.

Downregulation of pain in adults is sufficient to induce male-male courtship behavior, as evidenced by expression of pain^GD2221 only from 5-6 days post eclosion through the control of Scer\GAL4^pain-GAL4 and Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B (with a temperature of 18[o]C until 5-6 days post-eclosion).

Adults expressing pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu (in the presence of Dcr-2^Scer\UAS.cDa to increase the efficiency of RNAi) do not show a significant defect in avoidance of noxious temperature (46[o]C) compared to control flies.

Larvae expressing pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^NP1029 do not show the cardiac pauses during motion which are seen in wild-type larvae.

Basal cardiac activity (measured in anaesthetised animals) is increased in larvae expressing pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^NP1029 compared to wild-type controls.

Contractility of the heart tube is reduced in larvae expressing pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^NP1029 compared to wild-type controls.

Semi-dissected heart tubes expressing pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^NP1029 in which local pressure is applied to segment A6 undergo a shorter than normal cardiac arrest after the pressure is applied.

Semi-dissected heart tubes expressing pain^GD2221 under the control of Scer\GAL4^NP1029 undergo a shorter than normal cardiac arrest under conditions of hypo-osmotic shock.