FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\pain
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\pain
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
painless
Annotation Symbol
CG15860
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0060296
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
18 publicly available
Gene Summary
painless (pain) encodes a non-selective cation channel in the TRPA family that is required for the detection of noxious heat and mechanical stimuli. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-15] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

EP2251

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
60E5-60E5
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-107
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:24921505..24928275
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (32 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables calcium channel activity
inferred from direct assay
(Sokabe et al., 2008)
enables calcium-activated cation channel activity
inferred from direct assay
(Sokabe et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables calcium channel activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Littleton and Ganetzky, 2000)
enables monoatomic ion channel activity
traceable author statement
(Goodman, 2003)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005821
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables transmembrane transporter activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002932297
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (24 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (18 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in behavioral response to pain
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Aldrich et al., 2010, Xu et al., 2006)
involved_in calcium ion transmembrane transport
inferred from direct assay
(Sokabe et al., 2008)
involved_in copulation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sakai et al., 2009)
involved_in detection of hot stimulus involved in thermoception
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gorczyca et al., 2014)
involved_in detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tracey et al., 2003)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gorczyca et al., 2014)
involved_in detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tracey et al., 2003)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Neely et al., 2011)
involved_in detection of temperature stimulus involved in thermoception
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Neely et al., 2011)
inferred from direct assay
(Sokabe et al., 2008)
involved_in feeding behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Al-Anzi et al., 2006)
involved_in larval locomotory behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gorczyca et al., 2014)
involved_in male courtship behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2011)
involved_in mechanosensory behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kim et al., 2012)
involved_in negative gravitaxis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sun et al., 2009)
involved_in olfactory behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2011)
involved_in regulation of female receptivity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sakai et al., 2014, Sakai et al., 2009)
involved_in regulation of heart contraction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sénatore et al., 2010)
involved_in response to heat
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Aldrich et al., 2010)
involved_in sensory perception of pain
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tracey et al., 2003)
NOT involved_in thermotaxis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Rosenzweig et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in calcium ion transport
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Littleton and Ganetzky, 2000)
involved_in detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception
traceable author statement
(Goodman, 2003)
involved_in monoatomic ion transmembrane transport
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002932297
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in monoatomic ion transport
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005821
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in response to heat
traceable author statement
(Goodman, 2003, Zars, 2003)
involved_in response to mechanical stimulus
non-traceable author statement
(Montell, 2003)
involved_in transmembrane transport
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005821
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of calcium channel complex
inferred from direct assay
(Sokabe et al., 2008)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Sarov et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005821
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
non-traceable author statement
(Montell, 2003)
part_of transmembrane transporter complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002932297
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. (Q9W0Y6)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
painless (pain) encodes a non-selective cation channel in the TRPA family that is required for the detection of noxious heat and mechanical stimuli. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-15]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL ION CHANNELS -
The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel family are cation channels conserved from invertebrates to humans. TRP channels respond to diverse stimuli and are involved in a number of environmental sensory pathways. (Adapted from FBrf0220930 and FBrf0225477).
MECHANOSENSITIVE TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL ION CHANNELS -
The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels are cation channels. Some members of the TRP family have been shown to be gated by mechanical stimulation (Adapted from FBrf0248531.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of pain sensation due to high temperature. Involved in heat nociception by being activated by noxious temperature of 38 degrees Celsius.
(UniProt, Q9W0Y6)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

calcium channel - nociceptor - mutant is pain response defective - nociception genes painless and Piezo are required for the cellular immune response of Drosophila larvae to wasp parasitization.

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\pain for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W0Y6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
pain-RA
FBtr0072417
NM_138135
3041
913
pain-RB
FBtr0333813
NM_001274247
2369
629
pain-RC
FBtr0333814
NM_001274248
2025
529
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
pain-PA
FBpp0072323
103.5
913
6.71
Q9W0Y6
NP_611979
AAF47293
pain-PB
FBpp0305947
71.6
629
7.96
A0A0B4KEZ8
NP_001261176
AGB93706
pain-PC
FBpp0305948
60.4
529
8.28
A0A0B4KFI2
NP_001261177
AGB93707
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

105 (kD)

(Tracey et al., 2003)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\pain using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.09

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
central nervous system | restricted
(Tracey et al., 2003)
heart primordium
(Tracey et al., 2003)
gonad
(Tracey et al., 2003)
chordotonal organ
(Tracey et al., 2003)
larval antenno-maxillary sensory complex
(Tracey et al., 2003)
embryonic stage 14 -- 16
lateral ventral subperineurial glial cell
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
medial dorsal subperineurial glial cell
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
dorsal lateral subperineurial glial cell
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
ventral lateral subperineurial glial cell
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
medial ventral subperineurial glial cell
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
lateral intersegmental nerve root glial cell
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
larval neuron
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
embryonic stage 17
multidendritic dendrite
(Tracey et al., 2003)
larval central nervous system
(Sénatore et al., 2010)
larval peripheral nervous system
(Sénatore et al., 2010)
larval antenno-maxillary sensory complex
(Sénatore et al., 2010)
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Sénatore et al., 2010)
gonad
(Sénatore et al., 2010)
adult stage
brain | restricted
(Sakai et al., 2012)
multidendritic neuron
(Tracey et al., 2003)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
organism
(Tracey et al., 2003)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
organism
(Tracey et al., 2003)
adult stage
adult brain
(Wang et al., 2011)
proboscis
(Wang et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data

pain is expressed throughout the cardiac tube. Expression is stronger in the posterior heart than in the aorta.

(Sénatore et al., 2010)

From stage 13-16 prior to dendritic growth, the pain transcript is localized to the cytoplasm of multidendritic neuron precursors. At stage 17 and beyond the transcript is localized to dendritic branches and the extent of the dendritic localization is greater as development proceeds. pain transcript is also observed in a small number of CNS cells, sensory neurons of the antennal maxillary complex and weak expression was observed in the chordotonal neurons. Expression outside the nervous system was detected in the dorsal vessel (heart) and gonad.

(Tracey et al., 2003)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 14 -- 17
scolopidial dendritic cap cell
(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
embryonic stage 17
chordotonal organ
(Tracey et al., 2003)
third instar larval stage
multidendritic dendrite
(Tracey et al., 2003)
adult stage
antennal lobe projection neuron | subset
(Wang et al., 2011)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
organism
(Tracey et al., 2003)
Additional Descriptive Data

pain is expressed only in the cap cells of chordotonal organs.

(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)

An antibody directed against the pain protein strongly stains chordotonal neurons in stage 17 embryos. Anti pain is tightly associated with dendritic arbors beneath the epidermis in both embryos and larvae.

(Tracey et al., 2003)
Marker for
 
scolopidial dendritic cap cell
(Kraut and Zinn, 2004)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of calcium channel complex
inferred from direct assay
(Sokabe et al., 2008)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Sarov et al., 2016)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\pain in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 15 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 14 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of pain
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of pain
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 8 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal
partially lethal - majority die
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4e22c, Scer\GAL4sqh.PW
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal chemosensory behavior
abnormal courtship behavior
abnormal courtship behavior, with Scer\GAL4109(2)80
abnormal courtship behavior, with Scer\GAL4GH146
abnormal courtship behavior, with Scer\GAL4Gr66a.PD
abnormal courtship behavior, with Scer\GAL4pain-GAL4
abnormal courtship behavior, with Scer\GAL4pain-GAL4, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B
abnormal courtship behavior, with Scer\GAL4Poxn.13
abnormal courtship behavior (with painEP2251)
abnormal courtship behavior (with painEP2451)
abnormal courtship behavior (with painEP2462)
abnormal courtship behavior (with painGAL4)
abnormal heat stress response
abnormal heat stress response | third instar larval stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | recessive | third instar larval stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | third instar larval stage
abnormal memory
abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL430Y
abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4c747
abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4ey-OK107
abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4Ilp2.PR
abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.247
abnormal memory (with painEP2621)
abnormal memory (with painGAL4)
abnormal memory | dominant
abnormal neurophysiology
abnormal neurophysiology | recessive
abnormal pain response
abnormal pain response | adult stage
abnormal pain response | adult stage | recessive
abnormal pain response | early third instar larval stage | heat sensitive
abnormal pain response | early third instar larval stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
abnormal pain response | larval stage
abnormal pain response | larval stage | recessive
abnormal pain response | recessive
abnormal pain response | semidominant
abnormal pain response | third instar larval stage
abnormal sensory perception (with painGAL4)
abnormal sensory perception (with painNP7022)
abnormal smell perception
abnormal taste perception
abnormal thermotaxis
abnormal touch response
short lived
visible, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
embryonic/larval heart
embryonic/larval heart, with Scer\GAL4NP1029
Johnston organ neuron
scutellar bristle | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\TRPA1
2 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\ANK1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\ANK2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ANKRD28
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ANKRD31
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ANKRD36B
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ANKRD36C
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ANKRD36
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ANKRD50
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (3)
Rnor\Trpa1
2 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Kidins220
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Trpv4
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Mmus\Trpa1
2 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ankrd31
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Kidins220
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\ankrd28
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\ankrd50
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\kidins220
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\trpa1
1 of 13
Yes
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\trpa1a
2 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\trpa1b
2 of 14
Yes
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\trpa-2
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\trpa-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\unc-44
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (12)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013366
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013463
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012995
11 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001011
4 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001243
3 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000107
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000361
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001582
2 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010269
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001947
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002272
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004863
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:pain. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
pyx
2 of 13
TrpA1
2 of 13
wtrw
2 of 13
Ank2
1 of 13
Ank
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    painEP2451
    ameliorates  nervous system disease
    modeled by AtpαCJ10
    (Talsma et al., 2014)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    TkR99D
    suppressible
    pain
    (Im et al., 2015)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-107
    Cytogenetic map
    60E5-60E5
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    60E5-60E5
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG9047EP560&P{EP}CG3760EP936 and P{EP}CG2790EP412&P{EP}CG3776EP835
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    60E3-60E6
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-107

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-111.8

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (18)
    Genomic Clones (15)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (31)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Hwang et al., 2012, Tracey et al., 2003)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            pain is autonomously required in the larval heart to mediate the response to mechanical stress.

            (Sénatore et al., 2010)

            Larvae simultaneously injected with dsRNAs against pain, pyx and CG31284 show normal thermotactic behaviour.

            (Rosenzweig et al., 2005)

            pain is essential for nociception, and is required for the activation of sensory neurons by noxious heat.

            (Tracey et al., 2003)

            Identification: genetic screen for mutants defective in a noxious heat response.

            (Tracey and Benzer, 2001)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: pain EP2251

            (Tracey et al., 2003)

            Source for merge of: pain CG15860

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Additional comments

            Source for merge of pain CG15860 was sequence comparison ( date:030514 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG15860
            (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Ghimire and Kim, 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Kanamori et al., 2013, Tsubouchi et al., 2012, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Ni et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009, Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2008, Altenhein et al., 2006, Roos et al., 2005, Giot et al., 2003)
            CT31987
            (Littleton and Ganetzky, 2000)
            EP2251
            (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
            Pain
            (Paschapur et al., 2025, Hehlert et al., 2021, Guo et al., 2020, Su et al., 2018, Venkatachalam et al., 2014, Fowler and Montell, 2013, Chen et al., 2010, Montell, 2005)
            Painless
            (Xiao and Xu, 2021)
            TRPA
            (Kim et al., 2018)
            pain
            (Bischoff et al., 2025, Janssens et al., 2025, Komarov et al., 2025, Yoshino et al., 2025, Luedke et al., 2024, Liu and Zhang, 2022, Liu et al., 2022, Majane et al., 2022, Qi et al., 2022, Sebastian et al., 2022, Tian et al., 2022, Montell, 2021, Crava et al., 2020, Jacobs and Sehgal, 2020, He et al., 2019, Hu and Wolfner, 2019, Huang et al., 2019, Mu et al., 2019, Rimal and Lee, 2019, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2019, Mandel et al., 2018, Ohashi and Sakai, 2018, Yan et al., 2018, Luo et al., 2017, Schoofs et al., 2017, Tokusumi et al., 2017, Versteven et al., 2017, Jeong et al., 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Terada et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2016, Green et al., 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Oswald et al., 2015, Galili et al., 2014, Gorczyca et al., 2014, Janssens et al., 2014, Kim and Johnson, 2014, Menuz et al., 2014, Sakai et al., 2014, Wong et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2014, Sartain and Wolfner, 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, Sakai et al., 2012, Tsubouchi et al., 2012, Zhou et al., 2012, Neely et al., 2011, Oswald et al., 2011, Sénatore et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2011, Aldrich et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2010, Kwon et al., 2010, Kwon et al., 2010, Sénatore et al., 2010, Xu et al., 2010, Matsuura et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2009, Sun et al., 2009, Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008, Horner and Wolfner, 2008, Kwon et al., 2008, Rosenzweig et al., 2008, Xu et al., 2008, Junion et al., 2007, Xu and Shen, 2007, Al-Anzi et al., 2006, Montell, 2005)
            Name Synonyms
            PAINLESS
            (Xu et al., 2010)
            Pain
            (Suito and Tominaga, 2024)
            Painless
            (He et al., 2022, Chen and Dahanukar, 2020, Fujisawa et al., 2020, Guo et al., 2020, Walters, 2018, Schoofs et al., 2017, Terada et al., 2016, Barbagallo and Garrity, 2015, Bellemer, 2015, Xiao et al., 2015, Galili et al., 2014, Kim and Johnson, 2014, Fowler and Montell, 2013, Jeong et al., 2012, Nilius and Honoré, 2012, Lumpkin and Caterina, 2007, Padinjat and Andrews, 2004)
            painless
            (Guo et al., 2025, Li et al., 2020, Ma and Freeman, 2020, Khuong et al., 2019, Khuong et al., 2019, Li and Gong, 2017, Ghimire and Kim, 2015, Green et al., 2015, Im et al., 2015, Jang et al., 2015, Oswald et al., 2015, Gorczyca et al., 2014, Lacin et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2014, Khuong and Neely, 2013, Neckameyer and Argue, 2013, Ohyama et al., 2013, Hwang et al., 2012, Lu et al., 2012, Sakai et al., 2012, Tracey, 2012.6.1, Tsubouchi et al., 2012, Zhou et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2011, Aldrich et al., 2010, Kang et al., 2010, Neely et al., 2010, Xiang et al., 2010, Sakai et al., 2009, Sun et al., 2009, Horner and Wolfner, 2008, Kwon et al., 2008, Myers et al., 2008, Rosenzweig et al., 2008, Sokabe et al., 2008, Xu et al., 2008, Xu et al., 2006, Montell, 2005, Roos et al., 2005, Tobin and Bargmann, 2004, Tracey and Benzer, 2001)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0035080
            • FBgn0043363
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            References (182)