FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Alr
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Alr
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Augmenter of liver regeneration
Annotation Symbol
CG12534
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0031068
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
thiol oxidase (1.8.3.2)
Gene Summary
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

dErv1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
18F1-18F1
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-64
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:19748314..19750167
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000291228
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR039799
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000291228
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables thiol oxidase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017905, InterPro:IPR036774
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in mitochondrial disulfide relay system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Murari et al., 2020)
involved_in tissue regeneration
inferred from expression pattern
(McClure et al., 2008)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McClure et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrial intermembrane space
inferred by curator from GO:0160203
(Murari et al., 2020)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000291228
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase activity
RHEA 59116: thiol oxidase activity
2 R'C(R)SH + O2 = R'C(R)S-S(R)CR' + H2O2 (1.8.3.2)
RHEA 17357:
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SULFUR OXIDOREDUCTASES, OXYGEN AS ACCEPTOR -
Sulfur oxidoreductases with oxygen as acceptor, include dehydrogenases that oxidize sulfur-containing group with the reduction of oxygen molecule.
MITOCHONDRIAL DISULFIDE RELAY SYSTEM -
The mitochondrial disulfide relay system facilitates the import and folding of a subset of soluble proteins into mitochondrial intermembrane space from the cytosol. The majority of substrate proteins contain conserved cysteine (twin-CX9) motifs. These cysteines are oxidized to disulfide bonds by Mia40 during the import process. (Adapted from FBrf0246713 and PMID:37159021.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Alr for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry C0PVB3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Alr-RA
FBtr0074794
NM_134509
1107
261
Alr-RB
FBtr0331763
NM_001272802
1362
266
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Alr-PA
FBpp0074563
30.0
261
8.21
Q7KUU5
NP_608353
AAF49017
Alr-PB
FBpp0304151
30.7
266
8.40
C0PVB3
NP_001259731
AGB95570
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Alr using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

3.99

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 3 -- 5
ectoderm

Comment: except at the anterior end

(McClure et al., 2008)
third instar larval stage
prothoracic leg disc

Comment: activated at sites of regeneration

(McClure et al., 2008)
Additional Descriptive Data

Alr expression is abundant in blastoderm stage embryos except at the anterior end. It is activated in prothoracic leg discs after regeneration is induced. It is expressed along the ventral cut site, where the blastema forms, and along the dorsal cut site.

(McClure et al., 2008)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 3 -- 5
ectoderm

Comment: except at the anterior end

(McClure et al., 2008)
third instar larval stage
prothoracic leg disc

Comment: activated at sites of regeneration

(McClure et al., 2008)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
• membrane
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

Alr expression is abundant in blastoderm stage embryos except at the anterior end. It is activated in prothoracic leg discs after regeneration is induced. It is expressed along the ventral cut site, where the blastema forms, and along the dorsal cut site.

(McClure et al., 2008)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Alr in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Alr
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Alr
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
Other Phenotypes
Allele
some die during third instar larval stage | recessive
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
imaginal disc
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\GFER
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (3)
Rnor\Gfer
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Cabin1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Qsox1
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Gfer
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Qsox1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\gfer
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\foxo3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\lhx4
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\qsox1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\gfer
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\qsox1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\qsox2
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\F56C11.3
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006470
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007491
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)
Atha\Erv1
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\ERV1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\ERV2
5 of 13
No
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\erv1
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\SPBC146.04
5 of 12
No
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Alr. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
Qsox2
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    GFER; growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration
    12 of 14
    600924
       
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      X
      Recombination map
      1-64
      Cytogenetic map
      18F1-18F1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      18F1-18F1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Sec61γEP1511 and P{EP}EP1116&P{EP}EP1344EP1344
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      1-64

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      1-62.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (10)
      Genomic Clones (13)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (79)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Alr functions in blastema cell proliferation and the extent of regeneration.

          (McClure et al., 2008)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: Alr CG12534

          (McClure et al., 2008)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 36 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          References (31)