FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\LRR
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\LRR
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Leucine-rich repeat
Annotation Symbol
CG1399
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0033212
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) encodes a protein that can negatively regulate NF-kappaB signaling. [Date last reviewed: 2023-10-26] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Dcarmil

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
43E9-43E11
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-57
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:7676540..7698902
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (8 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Di Prisco et al., 2013)
involved_in negative regulation of immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Di Prisco et al., 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cell migration
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001189206
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in cilium assembly
inferred from sequence model
(Avidor-Reiss et al., 2004)
involved_in regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001189206
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in muscle tendon junction
inferred from direct assay
(Lowe et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in lamellipodium
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001189206
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001189206
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) encodes a protein that can negatively regulate NF-kappaB signaling. [Date last reviewed: 2023-10-26]
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
6

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\LRR for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A0A0B4KEE7)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Alternative translation stop created by use of multiphasic reading frames within coding region.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
LRR-RA
FBtr0088940
NM_165549
3034
655
LRR-RB
FBtr0088939
NM_136472
5468
1452
LRR-RC
FBtr0300779
NM_001169604
5968
1429
LRR-RD
FBtr0300780
NM_001169605
2893
492
LRR-RF
FBtr0332911
NM_001273859
6319
1486
LRR-RG
FBtr0332912
NM_001169606
5298
1296
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
LRR-PA
FBpp0088014
68.6
655
7.19
Q8IGL5
NP_724593
AAF59206
LRR-PB
FBpp0088013
158.1
1452
7.91
A1Z734
NP_610316
AAF59205
LRR-PC
FBpp0290003
155.1
1429
7.91
E1JGZ8
NP_001163075
ACZ94354
LRR-PD
FBpp0290004
51.7
492
7.01
Q6NND6
NP_001163076
ACZ94355
LRR-PF
FBpp0305131
161.6
1486
7.81
A0A0B4KEE7
NP_001260788
AGB93321
LRR-PG
FBpp0305132
141.2
1296
7.50
E1JGZ7
NP_001163077
ACZ94356
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\LRR using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.36

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in muscle tendon junction
inferred from direct assay
(Lowe et al., 2014)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: PBac{681.P.FSVS-1}LRRCPTI001765
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult brain cell body rind
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\LRR in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 11 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of LRR
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of LRR
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)Exel6054
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(2R)Exel7092
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (31)
Hsap\CARMIL1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\CARMIL3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\CARMIL2
8 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\RNH1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CIITA
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\LRRC45
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\LRRC74A
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\LRRC74B
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRC3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NLRC5
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NLRP4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NLRP5
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP7
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP8
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP9
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NLRP10
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP11
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP12
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP13
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\NLRP14
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NOD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NOD2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\PHLPP1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TMOD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TMOD2
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TMOD3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TMOD4
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (15)
Rnor\Carmil1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Carmil3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Carmil2
7 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Rnh1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Lrrc34
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Lrrc45
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Lrrc74a
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Nlrc3
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Nlrp4a
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nod1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nod2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tmod1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tmod2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tmod3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tmod4
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (18)
Mmus\Carmil1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Carmil3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Carmil2
6 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Lrrc34
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Lrrc45
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Lrrc74a
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Nlrc3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Nlrp2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Nlrp4c
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Nlrp4e
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Nlrp12
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Nod2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Rnh1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tcte1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tmod1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tmod2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tmod3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tmod4
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (14)
Xtro\carmil1
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\carmil3
5 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\parpbp
5 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\hoxa7
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100491706
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC100491722
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC101731251
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC108644478
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC108648372
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC116406445
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\lrrc34
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\lrrc45
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\lrrc74a
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\nod1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (16)
Drer\carmil2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\carmil3
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\carmil1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC101883470
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC103911012
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\lrrc45
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\lrrc74a
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\nlrc3
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:ch73-168d20.1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:ch211-226o13.1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:dkey-23k10.3
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:zfos-364h11.1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tmod1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\tmod2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\tmod4
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\zgc:173709
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\crml-1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\F28C1.3
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004841
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012977
1 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\AT1G74360
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\emb2004
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:LRR. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
CG31635
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    CARMIL2; capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 2
    model of  immunodeficiency 58
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    CARMIL1; capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 1
    13 of 14
    609593
        CARMIL3; capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 3
        12 of 14
        614716
            CARMIL2; capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 2
            8 of 14
            610859
            Functional Complementation Data
            Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
            Interactions
            Summary of Physical Interactions
            Summary of Genetic Interactions
            Interaction Browsers
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            External Data
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Pathways
            Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
            Metabolic Pathways
            FlyBase
            External Links
            External Data
            Linkouts
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            Class of Gene
            Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
            Chromosome (arm)
            2R
            Recombination map
            2-57
            Cytogenetic map
            43E9-43E11
            Sequence location
            FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Evidence for location
            43E9-43E11
            Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Notes
            References
            Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
            Location

            2-57

            (FlyBase, 2016)

            2-56.9

            (Comeron et al., 2012)
            Left of (cM)
            Right of (cM)
            Notes
            Stocks and Reagents
            Stocks (9)
            Genomic Clones (24)
            cDNA Clones (32)
             

            Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

            cDNA clones, fully sequenced
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

            For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                Candidate stable intronic sequence RNA (sisRNA) identified within CDS of this gene.

                (Pek et al., 2015)

                dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene is tested in an RNAi screen for effects on actin-based lamella formation.

                (Rogers et al., 2003)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: CG1399 CG1576

                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                Additional comments

                Source for merge of CG1399 CG1576 was sequence comparison ( date:001104 ).

                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of

                Source for identity of: LRR CG1399

                (Di Prisco et al., 2013)
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology

                Named 'LRR' as the encoded protein contains only an individual Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain.

                (Di Prisco et al., 2013)
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 60 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                FlyBase CV Report -
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                Linkouts
                BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                References (56)