FB2026_03 , released September 17, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Rad51D
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Rad51D
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Rad51 recombinase D
Annotation Symbol
CG2412
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0033389
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Gene Summary
Rad51 recombinase D (Rad51D) encodes a spn-A paralog involved in homologous recombination in the repair of double-strand breaks. It is likely important for regulating the product of spn-A. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Rad51C

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
45B1-45B1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-60
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:9165632..9167670
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O75771
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables DNA strand exchange activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q06609
(Sekelsky et al., 2000)
contributes_to four-way junction DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables single-stranded DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA recombination
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q06609
(Sekelsky et al., 2000)
involved_in DNA repair
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q06609
(Sekelsky et al., 2000)
involved_in DNA strand invasion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in reciprocal meiotic recombination
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in telomere maintenance
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in microtubule organizing center
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of Rad51B-Rad51C-Rad51D-XRCC2 complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in replication fork
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000534427
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group / Complex (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Rad51 recombinase D (Rad51D) encodes a spn-A paralog involved in homologous recombination in the repair of double-strand breaks. It is likely important for regulating the product of spn-A. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group / Complex (FlyBase)
RAD51-LIKE ATPASES -
Rad51-like ATPases include RAD51 and its paralogs, which play an essential role in repair of double-strand DNA breaks through homologous recombination. They act to transduce the DNA damage signal to effector kinases and to promote break repair. (Adapted from PMID:21821141.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Rad51D for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A1Z7R8)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Rad51D-RB
FBtr0301527
NM_136622
1918
336
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Rad51D-PB
FBpp0290742
38.1
336
4.77
A1Z7R8
NP_610466
AAF58973
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Rad51D using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.33

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Rad51D in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Rad51D
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Rad51D
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (7)
Hsap\RAD51D
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\XRCC3
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DMC1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RAD51B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RAD51C
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\RAD51
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\XRCC2
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Rad51d
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Xrcc3
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dmc1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rad51c
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rad51
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rad51b
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Xrcc2
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (7)
Mmus\Rad51d
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Xrcc3
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Dmc1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rad51b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rad51c
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rad51
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Xrcc2
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\rad51d
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\rad51c
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\xrcc3
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (7)
Drer\rad51d
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\xrcc3
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\dmc1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\rad51b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\rad51
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\rad51c
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\xrcc2
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\rfs-1
3 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\isy-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rad-51
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006164
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003791
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013180
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013412
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006734
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (11)
Atha\RAD51D
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\DMC1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\RAD51
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\RAD51B
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\RAD51C
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\RECA1
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\XRCC3
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G32920
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\RECA2
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\RECA3
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\XRCC2
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
Scer\RAD57
4 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\DMC1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\RAD51
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\RAD55
1 of 13
No
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (5)
Spom\rhp55
3 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\rhp57
3 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\dmc1
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\rdl1
2 of 12
No
Yes
Spom\rhp51
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\recA
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Rad51D. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
spn-A
3 of 13
spn-B
3 of 13
spn-D
3 of 13
Afg3l2
1 of 13
Xrcc2
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    RAD51D; RAD51 paralog D
    12 of 14
    602954
      XRCC3; X-ray repair cross complementing 3
      3 of 14
      600675
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-60
      Cytogenetic map
      45B1-45B1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      45B1-45B1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}CG8788k04512&P{lacW}l(2)k13412k13412 and P{PZ}Pkn06736
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-60

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-58.2

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (7)
      Genomic Clones (12)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (2)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of
                Additional comments

                The "rad201[1]" chromosome contains a number of lesions in two different genes. These are: F50L in the CG42382 annotation, and K61E, V93A and Y108H in the CG2412 annotation (corresponding to the Rad51C gene). In addition, an opus element is inserted in the Rad51C promoter region approximately 400bp upstream of the start codon. This mutant allele was isolated from a natural population, and thus it is not known which of the lesions are neutral and which cause the mutant phenotype.

                (Khromykh et al., 2008)

                The "rad201" complementation group has been associated with the "CG8016" annotation on FlyBase. However, evidence suggests that "rad201" instead corresponds to the neighbouring annotation, CG2412; the "rad2011" allele has a lesion within the CG2412 open reading frame (although no lesion has been found in the "rad201ZII-0670" allele), and the protein encoded by CG2412 interacts with Spf45 protein.

                (Chaouki and Salz, 2006)

                Source for identity of Rad51C CG2412 was sequence comparison ( date:000815 ).

                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of

                Source for identity of: Rad51C CG2412

                (FlyBase, 1996-)

                Source for identity of: Rad51D Rad51C

                (Sekelsky, 2016.5.27)
                Nomenclature comments

                FlyBase curator comment: For clarity and consistency with the vertebrate nomenclature, the gene previously called 'Rad51C' (CG2412/FBgn0033389) was renamed 'Rad51D', and the gene previously called 'Rad51D' (CG6318,FBgn0030931) was renamed 'Xrcc2'. (These changes occurred in the FB2016_04 release.)

                (Sekelsky, 2016.5.27)
                Etymology

                Named 'Rad51D' after the vertebrate ortholog.

                (Sekelsky, 2016.5.27)
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 24 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                Linkouts
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                References (42)