FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Allele: Dmel\ast1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ast1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
FlyBase ID
FBal0000774
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Dmel\ast
Associated Insertion(s)
Carried in Construct
Also Known As
ast
Key Links
Allele class
Mutagen
Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen
spontaneous
(Higson et al., 1993, Lewis, 1945)
Progenitor genotype
Cytology

Polytene chromosomes normal.

(Lewis, 1945)
Description

Mutation is not visible cytologically. Southern blots reveal a breakpoint between coordinates -0 and +4.3.

(Higson et al., 1993)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Curation Data
Type
Location
Additional Notes
References
Variant Molecular Consequences
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Expression Data
      Reporter Expression
      Additional Information
      Statement
      Reference
       
      Marker for
      Reflects expression of
      Reporter construct used in assay
      Human Disease Associations
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
       
      Disease-implicated variant(s)
       
      Phenotypic Data
      Phenotypic Class
      Phenotype Manifest In

      embryonic somatic muscle cell (with Df(2L)ast4)

      (Artero et al., 2003)

      eye

      (Kolodkin et al., 1994, Lewis, 1945)

      eye (with Df(2L)Exel6005)

      (Miller et al., 2020)

      muscle cell of A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 4 (with Df(2L)ast4)

      (Artero et al., 2003)

      muscle cell of A1-7 lateral longitudinal muscle 1 (with Df(2L)ast4)

      (Artero et al., 2003)

      ommatidium

      (Kolodkin et al., 1994)

      ommatidium (with astB612)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK2)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK3)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK5)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK6)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK7)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK9)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK11)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK12)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK13)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK14)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK15)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK16)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK17)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK18)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK19)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK20)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      ommatidium (with astK21)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein

      (Diaz-Benjumea and Garcia-Bellido, 1990)

      wing vein L2

      (Lewis, 1945)

      wing vein L2 (with astB612)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK2)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK3)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK5)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK7)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK9)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK12)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK13)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK14)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK15)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK16)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK17)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK18)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK19)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L2 (with astK21)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3

      (Lewis, 1945)

      wing vein L3 (with astB612)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK2)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK3)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK5)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK7)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK9)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK12)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK13)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK14)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK15)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK16)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK17)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK18)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK19)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L3 (with astK21)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4

      (Lewis, 1945)

      wing vein L4 (with astB612)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK2)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK3)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK5)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK7)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK9)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK12)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK13)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK14)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK15)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK16)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK17)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK18)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK19)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L4 (with astK21)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5

      (Lewis, 1945)

      wing vein L5 (with astB612)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK2)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK3)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK5)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK7)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK9)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK12)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK13)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK14)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK15)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK16)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK17)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK18)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK19)

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      wing vein L5 (with astK21)

      (Higson et al., 1993)
      Detailed Description
      Statement
      Reference

      ast1/Df(2L)ast4 embryos have defects in the development of a subset of somatic muscles, especially muscles LL1 and DO4.

      (Artero et al., 2003)

      Mutants have a rough eye phenotype with minor defects in ommatidial assembly.

      (Kolodkin et al., 1994)

      Transheterozygotes with astB612, astK3 or astK12 exhibit disranged ommatidia in eyes that are one to three quarters wild type size. Wing veins L2, L3, L4 and L5 do not reach the wing margin in the majority of males and occasionally in females. Transheterozygotes with astK11 exhibit disranged ommatidia in nearly wild-type sized eyes. No wing vein abnormalities are found. Transheterozygotes with astK2, astK5, astK7, astK14, astK15, astK16, astK17, astK18, astK19 or astK21 exhibit disranged ommatidia in eyes that are one to three quarters wild type size. Wing veins L2, L3, L4 and L5 do not reach the wing margin in the majority of males and occasionally in females. Transheterozygotes with astK6 or astK20 exhibit disranged ommatidia in nearly wild-type sized eyes. No wing vein abnormalities are found. Transheterozygotes with astK13 exhibit ommatidia that are very jumbled and often fused. Eyes are less than one-quarter wild type size. Wing vein abnormalities are very pronounced and present in nearly all males and females. Transheterozygotes with astK9 exhibit ommatidia that are very jumbled and often fused. Eyes are less than one-quarter wild type size. Wing vein abnormalities are very pronounced and present in nearly all males and females.

      (Higson et al., 1993)

      Intercalary and terminal gaps in all veins in an erratic fashion and asymmetrically in the two wings of the same individual. Abnormal eye morphology.

      (Diaz-Benjumea and Garcia-Bellido, 1990)

      Homozygotes have rough eyes. Wings veins L2, L3, L4 and L5 occasionally have terminal gaps. Heterozygotes occasionally have a very slightly roughened eye, but are usually inseparable from wild-type.

      (Lewis, 1945)

      Eyes small and rough; wing veins L2, L3, L4 and L5 do not always extend to margin. S1 +/+ ast1 has very small eyes with fused facets; veins L2 to L5 incomplete at tip. S1 ast1/+ ast1 has slightly larger eye than S1 +/+ ast1. S1 ast1/+ + resembles S1 +/+ +. S +/+ ast and ast/ast partially suppress px and net. Eyes of ast1/E(S)1 rough. Enhanced by: E(S). RK2.

      External Data
      Interactions
      Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
      Phenotypic Class
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      ast1 has visible | dominant phenotype, enhanceable by E(S)1

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      ast1 is an enhancer of visible phenotype of rux3

      (Thomas et al., 1994)

      ast1 is an enhancer of visible | dominant phenotype of S1

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Other
      Statement
      Reference

      S51, ast1 has visible phenotype

      (Meyer, 1952)
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      ast1 has eye phenotype, enhanceable by E(S)1

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      ast[+]/ast1 is an enhancer of photoreceptor cell R7 phenotype of SosJC2, sev6

      (Kolodkin et al., 1994)

      ast1 is an enhancer of eye phenotype of rux3

      (Thomas et al., 1994)

      ast1 is an enhancer of eye phenotype of S1

      (Lewis, 1945)

      ast1 is an enhancer of ommatidium phenotype of S1

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Suppressor of
      Statement
      Reference

      ast1 is a suppressor of phenotype of netunspecified

      (Lewis, 1945)

      ast1/S1 is a suppressor of phenotype of netunspecified

      (Lewis, 1945)

      ast1/S1 is a suppressor of phenotype of pxunspecified

      (Lewis, 1945)

      ast1 is a suppressor of phenotype of pxunspecified

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Other
      Statement
      Reference

      S51, ast1 has eye phenotype

      (Meyer, 1952)

      S51, ast1 has wing vein L2 phenotype

      (Meyer, 1952)

      S51, ast1 has wing vein L5 phenotype

      (Meyer, 1952)

      S51, ast1 has wing vein L3 phenotype

      (Meyer, 1952)

      S51, ast1 has wing vein L4 phenotype

      (Meyer, 1952)
      Additional Comments
      Genetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      The suppression of the sev6 R7 phenotype by SosJC2 is almost entirely reversed if the flies are also made heterozygous for ast1 or ast4. In S1/ast1 transheterozygotes the eyes are reduced in size and many ommatidia are missing.

      (Kolodkin et al., 1994)

      S51/ast1 flies have an extremely small and narrow eye, with a glasslike effect. The distal ends of wing veins L2 to L5 are missing to various degrees.

      (Meyer, 1952)

      Dominantly enhances the S1 eye phenotype: double heterozygotes have extremely small, diamond-shaped eyes in which many of the facets are fused and the remainder are irregular in size and distribution. The phenotype is dominantly enhanced by E(S)1; ast1 E(S)1 double heterozygotes have rough eyes. Partially suppresses the phenotype or netunspecified or pxunspecified homozygotes. S1/ast1 tends to completely suppress the phenotype of netunspecified or pxunspecified homozygotes.

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Xenogenetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference
      Complementation and Rescue Data
      Fails to complement

      astK6

      (Kotarski et al., 1998)
      Comments
      Images (0)
      Mutant
      Wild-type
      Stocks (11)
      Notes on Origin
      Discoverer

      E. B. Lewis, Feb. 1938.

      Arose in: S1.

      (Lewis, 1945)
      Comments
      Comments

      Overlaps wild type rarely.

      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      Sr
      (Duncan and Celniker, 2004, Lewis, 1945)
      ast
      (Meyer, 1952, Lewis, 1945)
      ast1
      (Pilgram et al., 2011)
      Name Synonyms
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
        References (12)