spermatocyte & aster
spermatocyte & spindle
The microtubule cytoskeleton is overall properly organised during oogenesis in homozygous female mutants.
The two asters segregate normally at the onset of meiosis in mutant spermatocytes, but collapse back together again soon afterwards, and at prometaphase a disorganised network of microtubules is seen surrounding the condensed chromosomes. As meiosis proceeds, the microtubules form cone-shaped structures (one per cell) with the two asters fused or very close to each other at the base. The chromosomes and centrosomes are (with very rare exceptions) located at the base of the cone. The time of organisation and elongation of the cone in mutant spermatocytes corresponds with the timing of organisation and elongation of the wild-type central spindle. Mutant early spermatid cysts contain only 16 cells and each spermatid contains several nuclei of different sizes associated with a single large nebenkern. Around 75% of the cysts contain small cell fragments which lack nuclei and asters and carry a small nebenkern.
Severe mitotic abnormalities in third larval instar neuroblasts. Centrosomes have abnormal structure and spindles have abnormal morphology. Rare survivors reveal male, but not female, sterility. Testes show virtual absence of meiotic spindles, lack of centrioles and abnormal sperm differentiation. All adults show cuticular abnormalities.
Dead larvae show reduced brain and imaginal discs. Mutant cells show a reduced mitotic index, high frequency of polyploid cells and a very low frequency of anaphases. Cells show abnormal chromosome condensation and alterations in the arrangement of the metaphase plate. Mitotic spindles and MTOC have abnormal morphology.
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has female sterile phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has increased cell death | oogenesis phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has decreased fecundity | female phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has abnormal size | oogenesis phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has abnormal cell number | oogenesis phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C1 has female sterile phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C1 has decreased cell number | third instar larval stage phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C1 has decreased fecundity | female phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C1 has decreased cell number | prepupal stage phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C1 has germline cell | female phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C1 has mitotic cell cycle phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has follicle cell phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has nurse cell phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has egg chamber phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has dorsal appendage phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has germline cell phenotype
γTub23CPI, γTub37C12 has germline cell | increased number | female phenotype
γTub23CPI, aslunspecified has spermatocyte & spindle phenotype
Homozygous γTub23CPI/γTub37C1 mutant females are agametic with rudimentary ovaries. The addition of γTub23C+tLa or γTub37C+t7.2 rescues these phenotypes.
In homozygous γTub23CPI/γTub37C1 mutant embryos, germ cells form, migrate and populate the gonads as wild-type. Ovaries of mutant second instar larvae are also indistinguishable from wild-type. By the third instar larval stage the number of germ cells is slightly reduced. At prepupa stage, germ cells are found scattered throughout the mutant ovary, their total number is dramatically reduced. From this stage on germ cells degenerate and steadily disappear from the mutant, so that in adult ovaries the germaria are empty.
In homozygous γTub23CPI/γTub37C1 mutant third instar larval females, half of the germ-line mitotic figures have centrosomes that are not aligned along the axis of the condensed chromosome plate. The condensation of the chromosomes is too high. Correspondingly, mitotic spindles are composed of shirt, often disorganised, microtubules associated with the chromosomes.
Homozygous γTub37C12, γTub23CPI females are sterile but lay a few eggs. Their ovaries are reduced in size and contain only a few egg chambers. Some of the ovaries are completely empty or contain only one or two degenerating egg chambers, whereas others contain some egg chambers at various stages of development, including mature oocytes. These phenotypes are rescued by the addition of either γTub37C+t7.2 or γTub23C+tLa.
In γTub37C12, γTub23CPI females there are no significant differences between mutant and control in the average number of ovarioles per ovary. However more than half of the ovarioles are empty, and the average number of egg chambers per ovary in the mutant is about eight times less than in heterozygous flies and about half of them are abnormal. Within the egg chambers that develop, about 50% show abnormalities. Most abnormal egg chambers present one of three major phenotypes: degenerating egg chambers with pycnotic DNA, egg chambers with 14 nurse cells and two oocyte-like nuclei and compound egg chambers that contain >16 cells. the remaining abnormal egg chambers show a variety of phenotypes, which occur at a lower frequency. These include egg chambers with <16 germ cells, egg chambers with misplaced oocyte or abnormally shaped oocyte nucleus, oocytes containing endoreplicated nuclei, reduced oocyte growth, abnormal positioning of the dorsal appendages, and egg chambers containing 16 nurse cells and no oocyte.
A high percentage of the abnormal egg chambers found in γTub37C12, γTub23CPI double mutant females contain 14 nurse cell nuclei and two oocyte-like nuclei. In these cases, one of the two oocyte-like nuclei is always located posteriorly and within one of the four ring-canal cells of the cyst, like a wild-type oocyte. The second oocyte-like nucleus, on the other hand, can be found anywhere within the egg chamber, in cells with any number of ring canals. Thus, the ectopic oocyte-like nucleus does not belong to the second pro-oocyte. The level of endoreduplication of the ectopic oocyte-like nucleus is variable. The 14 + 2 egg chamber phenotype was never observed after stage 10.
γTub23CPI ; aslunspecified double mutant spermatocytes lack organised spindles.
γTub23CPI/γTub23CA15-2 is rescued by γTub23CUAS.GFP/Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
γTub23CPI is rescued by γTub23C+tLa
γTub23CPI is rescued by γTub23C+t9