Pkd2^ko67.3' sperm do not exhibit any difference in flagellar wave direction from wild-type sperm.

Partially anchored Pkd2^ko67.3' mutant sperm can propagate base-to-tip or tip-to-base waves, with no obvious differences compared to wild-type sperm.

Mating of Pkd2^ko67.3' homozygous mutant males leads to approximately 1% of the normal sperm storage level.

At PSR entry, 15% of Pkd2^ko67.3'/Pkd2¹ sperm are tail-leading, 30% head-leading, and 12% have fold flagella. In contrast, 14.9% of Pkd2^ko67.3' homozygous sperm are tail-leading, 46.5% head-leading, and 38.6% have fold flagella, representing an underlying motility defect.

Pkd2^ko67 sperm do not exhibit any difference in flagellar wave direction from wild-type sperm.

Partially anchored Pkd2^ko67 mutant sperm can propagate base-to-tip or tip-to-base waves, with no obvious differences compared to wild-type sperm.

Mating of Pkd2^ko67 homozygous mutant males leads to approximately 1% of the normal sperm storage level.

At PSR entry, 15% of Pkd2^ko67/Pkd2¹ sperm are tail-leading, 30% head-leading, and 12% have fold flagella. In contrast, 14.9% of Pkd2^ko67 homozygous sperm are tail-leading, 46.5% head-leading, and 38.6% have fold flagella, representing an underlying motility defect.

96% of Pkd2^ko67 / Pkd2¹ mutant sperm exit the converging tubule with head-leading orientation, as wild type.

96% of Pkd2^ko67 mutant sperm exit the converging tubule with head-leading orientation, as wild type.

98% of Pkd2^ko67 / Df(2L)prd1.7 mutant sperm exit the converging tubule with head-leading orientation, as wild type.

In contrast to wild-type sperm, sperm from Pkd2^ko67 / Pkd2¹ males show increased frequencies of head-leading orientation during entry into the proximal seminal receptacle (PSR) and excessive flagellar folding in the PSR lumen. At later time points (1-4 hours after mating), the phenotype is more severe with mostly tangled flagella in the PSR lumen, and the number of mutant sperm that entering the distal seminal receptacle reduced by 100-fold.

In contrast to wild type, the number of Pkd2^ko67 sperm that enter the distal seminal receptacle (DSR) vary greatly on an individual basis and the average number of sperm stored per female per mating is only 2.8. Only 3.2 F1 progeny are produced per female from matings to these mutant males.

In contrast to wild type, the number of Pkd2^ko67 / Pkd2^MB06703 sperm that enter the distal seminal receptacle (DSR) vary greatly on an individual basis and the average number of sperm stored per female per mating is only 5.5. Only 4.4 F1 progeny are produced per female from matings to these mutant males.

96% of Pkd2^ko67.3', Pkd2^ko67.5' / Pkd2¹ mutant sperm exit the converging tubule with head-leading orientation, as wild type.

96% of Pkd2^ko67.3', Pkd2^ko67.5' mutant sperm exit the converging tubule with head-leading orientation, as wild type.

98% of Pkd2^ko67.3', Pkd2^ko67.5' / Df(2L)prd1.7 mutant sperm exit the converging tubule with head-leading orientation, as wild type.

In contrast to wild-type sperm, sperm from Pkd2^ko67.3', Pkd2^ko67.5' / Pkd2¹ males show increased frequencies of head-leading orientation during entry into the proximal seminal receptacle (PSR) and excessive flagellar folding in the PSR lumen. At later time points (1-4 hours after mating), the phenotype is more severe with mostly tangled flagella in the PSR lumen, and the number of mutant sperm that entering the distal seminal receptacle reduced by 100-fold.

In contrast to wild type, the number of Pkd2^ko67.3', Pkd2^ko67.5' sperm that enter the distal seminal receptacle (DSR) vary greatly on an individual basis and the average number of sperm stored per female per mating is only 2.8. Only 3.2 F1 progeny are produced per female from matings to these mutant males.

In contrast to wild type, the number of Pkd2^ko67.3', Pkd2^ko67.5' / Pkd2^MB06703 sperm that enter the distal seminal receptacle (DSR) vary greatly on an individual basis and the average number of sperm stored per female per mating is only 5.5. Only 4.4 F1 progeny are produced per female from matings to these mutant males.

Homozygous Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae show an ingestion rate of food which is reduced by about 56% compared to that seen for wild-type larvae. Waste excretion rates are reduced by over 80% in homozygous Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae compared to wild type. Heterozygous Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 larvae show a reduction in food ingestion rate of about 35% compared to wild-type larvae. Waste excretion rates of heterozygous Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 larvae are reduced by about 50% compared to wild type. Body wall contraction (BWC) rates of homozygous Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae on an agar substrate are similar to that of wild-type larvae. However, the frequency and depth of the mouth hook marks left along the traveling path (which reflect the force of the skeletal muscle contraction) are reduced in the mutant larvae compared to wild type. Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae show an increased sensitivity to ryanodine compared to wild-type larvae; the BWC rate is significantly reduced in the mutant larvae at a concentration that has no significant effect on wild-type larvae.

Homozygous Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae show an ingestion rate of food which is reduced by about 56% compared to that seen for wild-type larvae. Waste excretion rates are reduced by over 80% in homozygous Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae compared to wild type. Heterozygous Pkd2^ko67 larvae show a reduction in food ingestion rate of about 35% compared to wild-type larvae. Waste excretion rates of heterozygous Pkd2^ko67 larvae are reduced by about 50% compared to wild type. Body wall contraction (BWC) rates of homozygous Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae on an agar substrate are similar to that of wild-type larvae. However, the frequency and depth of the mouth hook marks left along the traveling path (which reflect the force of the skeletal muscle contraction) are reduced in the mutant larvae compared to wild type. Pkd2^ko67 larvae and Pkd2^ko67/Df(2L)prd1.7 larvae show an increased sensitivity to ryanodine compared to wild-type larvae; the BWC rate is significantly reduced in the mutant larvae at a concentration that has no significant effect on wild-type larvae.

The number of F1 progeny produced by one mated wild-type female in 48hr is reduced from 60 for a wild-type male parent to 3 for a Pkd2^ko67 father. The seminal vesicles of these mutants are of normal size, and empty normally during mating. However the sperm fertilise eggs at a greatly reduced rate. Once inside the egg the sperm appear to be fertile. Mutant sperm exhibit abnormal movement; they show a flagellar beating motion similar but slightly less vigorous than seen in wild-type. Mutant sperm never show the anterior congregated pattern in the uterus as seen in wild-type sperm, and non of the sperm storage organs are full even 24 hr post mating, being either completely empty, in 40% if cases, or have 1-30 individual sperm in the remainder. Occasionally mutant sperm are seen stuck at the entrance to the receptacle. between 3-4 hr after mating, unstored mutant sperm leak out of the uterus more quickly than unstored wild-type sperm. When wild-type females are first mated to Pkd2^ko67 mutant males and then challenged by wild-type males for remating, accumulatively 72.7% and 88.3% of these mated females remated on the second and third postmating day respectively. The ratio of F1 progeny fathered by the first male versus the second male is 1:20 indicating a success of sperm competition in the second wild-type male over the first mutant male. These results confirm a sperm storage defect in mutant sperm.

The number of F1 progeny produced by one mated wild-type female in 48hr is reduced from 60 for a wild-type male parent to 3 for a Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 father. The seminal vesicles of these mutants are of normal size, and empty normally during mating. However the sperm fertilise eggs at a greatly reduced rate. Once inside the egg the sperm appear to be fertile. Mutant sperm exhibit abnormal movement; they show a flagellar beating motion similar but slightly less vigourous than seen in wild-type. Mutant sperm never show the anterior congregated pattern in the uterus as seen in wild-type sperm, and non of the sperm storage organs are full even 24 hr post mating, being either completely empty, in 40% if cases, or have 1-30 individual sperm in the remainder. Occasionally mutant sperm are seen stuck at the entrance to the receptacle. between 3-4 hr after mating, unstored mutant sperm leak out of the uterus more quickly than unstored wild-type sperm. When wild-type females are first mated to Dp(2;2)Pkd2^ko67 mutant males and then challenged by wild-type males for remating, accumulatively 72.7% and 88.3% of these mated females remated on the second and third postmating day respectively. The ratio of F1 progeny fathered by the first male versus the second male is 1:20 indicating a success of sperm competition in the second wild-type male over the first mutant male. These results confirm a sperm storage defect in mutant sperm.

Pkd2^ko67/Pkd2^MB06703, lobo^lobo/lobo^MB00722 has male semi-sterile phenotype

Pkd2^ko67, RyR[+]/RyR^k04913 has abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage phenotype