FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Gld
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gld
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Glucose dehydrogenase
Annotation Symbol
CG1152
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001112
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
8 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
glucose 1-dehydrogenase (FAD, quinone) (1.1.5.9)
Gene Summary
Glucose dehydrogenase (Gld) encodes a dehydrogenase that belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family. The product of Gld is essential for the enzymatic modification of the puparium wall that enables the newly developed adult fly to eclose. Gld is also highly expressed in the male and female reproductive tract and its product modulates sperm storage and utilization. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Go

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
84D3-84D3
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-48
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:7252063..7265703
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000172, InterPro:IPR012132
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables glucose dehydrogenase (FAD, quinone) activity
non-traceable author statement
(Cavener et al., 1986, Cavener and MacIntyre, 1983)
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000172, InterPro:IPR007867
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000167771
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in sperm storage
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iida and Cavener, 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in glucose metabolic process
traceable author statement
(Andres et al., 1993)
involved_in pupal chitin-based cuticle development
traceable author statement
(Andres et al., 1993)
involved_in sperm storage
traceable author statement
(Qazi et al., 2003)
Cellular Component (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family. (P18173)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
glucose dehydrogenase (FAD, quinone) activity
a quinone + D-glucose = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + a quinol (1.1.5.9)
RHEA 47372:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Glucose dehydrogenase (Gld) encodes a dehydrogenase that belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family. The product of Gld is essential for the enzymatic modification of the puparium wall that enables the newly developed adult fly to eclose. Gld is also highly expressed in the male and female reproductive tract and its product modulates sperm storage and utilization. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
GLUCOSE-METHANOL-CHOLINE OXIDOREDUCTASES -
Glucose-Methanol-Choline oxidoreductases are FAD flavoproteins with diverse but poorly understood catalytic activities. These enzymes contain a canonical ADP-binding β/α/β-fold close to their amino termini. (Adapted from FBrf0202218).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Essential for cuticular modification during development.
(UniProt, P18173)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Gld: Glucose dehydrogenase
The structural gene for FAD glucose dehydrogenase [GLD (EC1.1.99.10)]. The formation of a hybrid band in GldF/GldS heterozygotes indicates a dimeric enzyme. Molecular weight given as 110,000 daltons. Gene expressed during pupal stages of both sexes; enzyme found in pupal stage 3-4 moulting fluid where it modifies puparium cuticle. Gld also expressed in the ejaculatory duct of males; genital disc transplantation experiments indicate that GLD expression in ejaculatory duct is autonomous (Cavener); enzyme transferred from males to females during copulation. Lethality of null alleles in the pupal stage observed; Gldn flies can be rescued by pre-eclosion excision of pupal operculum.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gld for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P18173)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Stop-codon suppression (UGA) postulated; based on UniProt P18173.

Gene model reviewed during 6.15

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gld-RA
FBtr0081596
NM_058155
2899
612
Gld-RB
FBtr0472596
NM_001363924
2899
625
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.8 (northern blot)

(Murtha and Cavener, 1989, Cavener et al., 1986)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gld-PA
FBpp0081114
66.8
612
7.07
U3PT72
NP_477503
AAF54038
Gld-PB
FBpp0422604
68.3
625
7.24
AWM95310
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gld using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.05

Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage -- pupal stage
(Cavener et al., 1986)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic epipharynx
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic salivary gland duct
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval posterior spiracle
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval salivary gland common duct
(Fisher et al., 2012)
sensory nervous system primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral imaginal tissue
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral sensory complex primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage | male
ejaculatory duct
(Cavener et al., 1986)
Additional Descriptive Data

Gld transcript levels increase upon treatment with an exogenous source of ecdysterone. This can be reversed in ecd1 larvae, no increase in Gld mRNA levels is seen. Ecdysterone-responsiveness competence is gained by Gld during the third instar. Premature exposure of wild type mid-third instar larvae to ecdysterone results in the rapid accumulation of Gld transcripts.

(Murtha and Cavener, 1989)

The level of Gld transcripts rises 3- to 4-fold in late third instar larvae then declines rapidly. Transcripts are abundant in pupal stages 6-13 and in adult males. The larval transcript is found only in the integument and the male transcript is localized predominantly in the ejaculatory ducts.

(Cavener et al., 1986)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

Gld enzyme activity increases upon treatment with an exogenous source of ecdysterone. This can be reversed in ecd1 larvae, no increase in Gld enzyme activity is seen.

(Murtha and Cavener, 1989)

Gld enzyme activity is present in late third instar larvae, pupae, and adult males The greatest levels are observed in late pupae and adults.

(Cavener et al., 1986)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gld in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 19 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 3 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gld
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gld
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 14 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\CHDH
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Chdh
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Chdh
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\chdh
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\chdh
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\chdh-1
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (27)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002557
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002551
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002552
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003750
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003780
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003781
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003784
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003786
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003787
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003788
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009540
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009541
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012263
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012649
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012979
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013016
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013123
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013492
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001546
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003782
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003783
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003785
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012112
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012609
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012882
4 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012262
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012264
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (13)
Atha\AT3G56060
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G51930
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G51950
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G12570
9 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G14185
9 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G73050
9 of 13
No
No
Atha\HTH
9 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G14190
8 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G03990
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G19380
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G28570
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\FAO3
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G14180
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\betA
9 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Gld. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (14)
CG9512
10 of 13
CG9514
10 of 13
CG9519
10 of 13
CG9521
10 of 13
CG12539
10 of 13
fiz
10 of 13
CG6142
9 of 13
CG9503
9 of 13
CG9518
9 of 13
CG9522
9 of 13
CG12398
9 of 13
Eo
9 of 13
CG45065
8 of 13
ninaG
8 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    CHDH; choline dehydrogenase
    10 of 14
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        External Data
        Linkouts
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        3R
        Recombination map
        3-48
        Cytogenetic map
        84D3-84D3
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        84D3-84D3
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP3060EP3060 and P{PZ}grn05930
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        84C8-84C8
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Cavener et al., 1986)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        3-48

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        3-44.2

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes

        Mapping based on 30 st-cu recombinants.

        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (8)
        Genomic Clones (20)
        cDNA Clones (32)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Gld is required for normal sperm storage and utilisation in female D.melanogaster.

            (Iida and Cavener, 2004)

            Interactions among proximal promoter elements and a cluster of intronically located enhancers and silencers specify the complex regulation of Gld.

            (Keplinger et al., 2001)

            Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs have identified an SREC (Somatic Reproductive Organ Enhancer Complex) in Gld intron 1 (+639 to +3906 nucleotides). A 361 nucleotide region of the SREC is involved in ejaculatory duct/oviduct-specific expression in both the developing and mature reproductive tract.

            (Keplinger et al., 1996)

            Site directed mutagenesis and transgenic analysis demonstrates that the palindrome in the Gld promoter region is both necessary and sufficient for expression in the anterior spiracular gland whereas the palindromic sequence is sufficient for expression in the ejaculatory bulb.

            (Gunaratne et al., 1994)

            Ecdysteroid-regulated gene.

            (Andres et al., 1993)

            Protein encoded is member of GMC oxidoreductase family of flavoproteins.

            (Cavener, 1992)

            Enzyme transferred from males to females during copulation. Lethality of null alleles in the pupal stage observed; Gld null flies can be rescued by pre-eclosion excision of pupal operculum.

            (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

            The structural gene for FAD glucose dehydrogenase (GLD). The formation of a hybrid band in GldF/GldS heterozygotes indicates a dimeric enzyme. Molecular weight given as 110,000 daltons.

            (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

            Interspecific P-element-mediated gene transformation is used to assess possible cis- and trans-genetic differences in the expression of Gld and Dpse\Gld. Interspecific variation in adult Gld expression pattern is studied.

            (Schiff et al., 1992)

            Misregulation of sex-determination genes during development has been shown to effect the expression of Gld.

            (Feng et al., 1991)

            D.melanogaster Gld, Dpse\Gld and Dvir\Gld have been cloned and sequenced and compared with each other. The exon/intron structure is conserved in the three species.

            (Krasney et al., 1990)

            Gld has been precisely mapped and sequenced and the 17.5kb restriction fragment containing the Gld transcription unit was able to rescue the Gld mutant phenotype via P element mediated transformation.

            (Whetten et al., 1988)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: Gld CG1152

            (Zhong, 1999.11)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 53 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (138)