FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Ms
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Ms
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Myosuppressin
Annotation Symbol
CG6440
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0011581
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
24 publicly available
Gene Summary
Myoinhibiting neuropeptide. (UniProt, P61849)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

DMS, Dromyosuppressin, Drm-MS, Nems, TDVDHVFLRFamide

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
95F14-95F14
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-84
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:24341551..24343825
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables neuropeptide receptor binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:MsR1; FB:FBgn0035331,FLYBASE:MsR2; FB:FBgn0264002
(Egerod et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables neuropeptide hormone activity
non-traceable author statement
(Hewes and Taghert, 2001)
traceable author statement
(vanden Broeck, 2001)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in adult locomotory behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kiss et al., 2013)
involved_in negative regulation of digestive system process
inferred from direct assay
(Dickerson et al., 2012)
involved_in negative regulation of heart contraction
inferred from direct assay
(Johnson et al., 2000)
involved_in negative regulation of heart rate
inferred from direct assay
(Dickerson et al., 2012, Merte and Nichols, 2002)
involved_in negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
inferred from direct assay
(Dickerson et al., 2012)
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from expression pattern
(Wegener et al., 2006)
inferred from direct assay
(Egerod et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
traceable author statement
(vanden Broeck, 2001)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Wegener et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from sequence model
(FlyBase Curators, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the myosuppressin family. (P61849)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    NEUROPEPTIDES -
    Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Myoinhibiting neuropeptide.
    (UniProt, P61849)
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    Myosuppressin receptors are crop muscle receptors through which Ms signals to modulate crop enlargement - MsRs exhibit a unique ionic lock, a novel 3-6 lock, a transmission switch, and a tyrosine toggle switch involved in mechanisms underlying TM movement and MS-R activation

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    3
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Ms for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P61849)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.47

    Gene model reviewed during 5.56

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    Ms-RA
    FBtr0084607
    NM_080511
    925
    100
    Ms-RB
    FBtr0334600
    NM_001275982
    908
    100
    Ms-RC
    FBtr0346341
    NM_001300574
    1065
    100
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    Ms-PA
    FBpp0083991
    11.1
    100
    8.33
    P61849
    NP_536772
    AAF56283
    Ms-PB
    FBpp0306667
    11.1
    100
    8.33
    P61849
    NP_001262911
    AGB96291
    Ms-PC
    FBpp0312058
    11.1
    100
    8.33
    P61849
    NP_001287503
    AHN57502
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    100 aa isoforms: Ms-PA, Ms-PB, Ms-PC
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments

    Small Ms-derived neuropeptides identified by 2D capillary LC/ESI-MS/MS: TDVDHVFLRF-amide, DVDHVFLRF-amide.

    (Baggerman et al., 2005)

    Small Ms-derived neuropeptides identified by LC-MS/MS: TDVDHVFLRF-amide.

    (Baggerman et al., 2002)
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Ms using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.52

    Transcript Expression
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 13 -- 16
    embryonic central brain neuron
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    lateral cord neuron
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    immunolocalization
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    larval neuron of larval central nervous system
    (Merte and Nichols, 2002)
    larval insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis | subset
    (Sellami et al., 2012)
    endocrine neuron | subset of larval abdomen
    (Sellami et al., 2012)
    wandering third instar larval stage
    larval Ms cell of pars intercerebralis
    (Wegener et al., 2011)
    adult stage
    adult brain | restricted
    (Carlsson et al., 2010)
    adult antennal lobe glomerulus | subset
    (Carlsson et al., 2010)
    crop
    (Veenstra et al., 2008, Merte and Nichols, 2002)
    adult central nervous system
    (Veenstra et al., 2008)
    mass spectroscopy
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    wandering third instar larval stage
    larval central nervous system
    (Baggerman et al., 2005, Baggerman et al., 2002)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    Ms colocalizes with ScerGAL4ATP7.PB expressing larval dorsomedial neurosecretory cells and endocrine neurons in the abdomen.

    (Sellami et al., 2012)

    Ms is expressed in the peptidergic SP3 neurons in the larval brain.

    (Wegener et al., 2011)

    Ms protein is expressed in one cell in the posterior protocerebrum that innervated several neuropils. Innervation of the antennal lobe is sparse, and seemed to be extraglomerular. The innervation in the antennal lobe is similar but more extensive than the one from Nplp1-positive neurons.

    (Carlsson et al., 2010)

    Ms protein is detected in each brain lobe in a medial protocerebral neuron, that extends processes along the midline of the ventral nerve cord to the abdominal ganglia; in a superior protocerebral neuron that extends immunoreactive processes into the medial protocerebrum; and in another superior protocerebral neuron with no immunoreactive processes. Ms immunoreactively is also observed in the cell bodies of one cell per thoracic neuromere.

    (Merte and Nichols, 2002)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in extracellular space
    inferred from direct assay
    (Wegener et al., 2006)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\Ms in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
    • Stages(s) 13-16
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Ms
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Ms
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
    Gene disrupted in
    Df(3R)Exel6199
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Df(3R)Exel8178
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Inferred from location ( 7 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU
    viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
    viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
    viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pros-V1
    decreased fecundity, with Scer\GAL4pros-V1
    increased mortality | conditional, with Scer\GAL4pros-V1
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
    Agam\MSN
    8 of 12
    Yes
    Yes
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Ms. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3R
      Recombination map
      3-84
      Cytogenetic map
      95F14-95F14
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      95F14-95F14
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}crb07207&P{PZ}BRWD305842 and P{EP}CycB3EP3127
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      96A1-96A1
      (Nichols et al., 1995)
      96A-96A
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Nichols, 1995)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-84

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-83.0

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      3-

      (Nichols et al., 1995)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (24)
      Genomic Clones (15)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (31)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Wu et al., 2024, Wegener et al., 2011)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            The pattern of Dms protein expression during development has been analysed.

            (McCormick and Nichols, 1993)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: Dms CG6440

            (Hewes and Taghert, 2001)
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: Ms Dms

            (FlyBase, 2009-)
            Nomenclature comments

            Renamed from 'Dms/Dromyosuppressin' to 'Ms/Myosuppressin' to remove the unnecessary reference to 'Drosophila' and comply with FlyBase nomenclature rules.

            (FlyBase, 2009-)
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG6440
            (Mao et al., 2024, Asahina and Anderson, 2013.9.23, Kiss et al., 2013, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009.3.31, Yew et al., 2009, Bhutkar et al., 2008, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Juhász et al., 2007, Wegener et al., 2006, Hewes and Taghert, 2001)
            DMS
            (Nässel, 2025, Nässel, 2025, Chopra et al., 2022, Nässel and Zandawala, 2020, Nässel et al., 2019, Chen et al., 2016, Schlegel et al., 2016, Heifetz et al., 2014, Shang et al., 2013, Dickerson et al., 2012, Carlsson et al., 2010, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Hector et al., 2009, Veenstra, 2009, Park et al., 2008, Veenstra et al., 2008, Birse et al., 2006, Nichols, 2006, Johnson et al., 2005, Johnson et al., 2003, Mispelon et al., 2003, Duttlinger et al., 2002, Kaminski et al., 2002, Merte and Nichols, 2002, Nassel, 2002, vanden Broeck, 2001)
            Dm-MS
            (Collin et al., 2011)
            Dms
            (Abruzzi et al., 2017, Lee et al., 2015, Kiss et al., 2013, Thomas et al., 2012, Bhutkar et al., 2008, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Gauthier and Hewes, 2006)
            Drm-MS
            (Baggerman et al., 2002, Cazzamali and Grimmelikhuijzen, 2002, Meeusen et al., 2002, vanden Broeck, 2001, Peixoto et al., 2000)
            Drome-MS
            (Egerod et al., 2003)
            FLRFa
            (vanden Broeck, 2001)
            MEMS
            (Baggerman et al., 2005)
            MS
            (Chen et al., 2023, Diesner et al., 2018, Wegener et al., 2011, Yapici et al., 2008, Wegener et al., 2006)
            Ms
            (Lee et al., 2025, Song et al., 2023, Deshpande et al., 2022, Dvořáček et al., 2022, Lee et al., 2021, Hadjieconomou et al., 2020, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Croset et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Cao et al., 2014, Asahina and Anderson, 2013.9.23)
            Nems
            (Whitfield, 2000.10.30)
            cg6440
            (Kadener et al., 2006)
            dms
            (Johard et al., 2008, Melcher and Pankratz, 2005)
            Name Synonyms
            Drm-myosuppressin
            (Wegener et al., 2006)
            Dromyosuppressin
            (Schlegel et al., 2016, Asahina et al., 2014, Cao et al., 2014, Caers et al., 2012, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Hector et al., 2009, Yew et al., 2009, Johard et al., 2008, Gauthier and Hewes, 2006, Johnson et al., 2005, Nassel, 2002)
            Myosuppressin
            (Ahmad et al., 2025, Asahina and Anderson, 2013.9.23, Carlsson et al., 2010, Peixoto et al., 2000)
            Neomyosuppressin
            TDVDHVFLRFamide
            (Dickerson et al., 2012, Nichols, 1992)
            dromyosuppressin
            (Park et al., 2008, Veenstra et al., 2008, Birse et al., 2006, Kaminski et al., 2002, Hewes and Taghert, 2001, Veenstra, 2000)
            myosuppressin
            (Bendena et al., 2012, Dickerson et al., 2012, Collin et al., 2011, Wegener et al., 2011, Veenstra, 2009, Yapici et al., 2008, Jorgensen et al., 2006, Baggerman et al., 2005, Cazzamali et al., 2003, Egerod et al., 2003, Egerod et al., 2003, Feng et al., 2003, Rosenkilde et al., 2003)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0013996
            • FBgn0039185
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 36 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            References (127)