FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\CCHa2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\CCHa2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
CCHamide-2
Annotation Symbol
CG14375
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0038147
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Gene Summary
Ligand for the CCHamide-2 receptor CCHa2-R (PubMed:21110953, PubMed:23293632). In one study, shown to be an orexigenic peptide which induces appetite and stimulates food intake, leading to the release of insulin-like peptides which stimulate growth (PubMed:26168160). In another study, shown to be a nutrient-sensitive peptide derived from peripheral tissues which controls growth by directly regulating the production and release of insulin-like peptides (PubMed:26020940). (UniProt, Q8SXL2)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

CCHamid2, CCHamide

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
87E8-87E8
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-53
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:13389059..13395197
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (3 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables neuropeptide hormone activity
inferred from direct assay
(Hansen et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables neuropeptide hormone activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037729
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002186286
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Hansen et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037729
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002186286
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Hansen et al., 2011, Reiher et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002186286
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from sequence model
(Hansen et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
NEUROPEPTIDES -
Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Ligand for the CCHamide-2 receptor CCHa2-R (PubMed:21110953, PubMed:23293632). In one study, shown to be an orexigenic peptide which induces appetite and stimulates food intake, leading to the release of insulin-like peptides which stimulate growth (PubMed:26168160). In another study, shown to be a nutrient-sensitive peptide derived from peripheral tissues which controls growth by directly regulating the production and release of insulin-like peptides (PubMed:26020940).
(UniProt, Q8SXL2)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

a larval fat body and gut produced nutrient-dependent hormone regulator of Drosophila insulin-like peptide - targets brain insulin-producing cells

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\CCHa2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8SXL2)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
CCHa2-RA
FBtr0082762
NM_142028
1167
136
CCHa2-RB
FBtr0303262
NM_001202287
1281
136
CCHa2-RC
FBtr0303263
NM_001202288
1322
136
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
CCHa2-PA
FBpp0082230
14.4
136
8.82
Q8SXL2
NP_650285
AAF54942
CCHa2-PB
FBpp0292354
14.4
136
8.82
Q8SXL2
NP_001189216
ADV37307
CCHa2-PC
FBpp0292355
14.4
136
8.82
Q8SXL2
NP_001189217
ADV37308
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

136 aa isoforms: CCHa2-PA, CCHa2-PB, CCHa2-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\CCHa2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.11

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
adult midgut progenitor cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral imaginal tissue
(Fisher et al., 2012)
third instar larval stage
larval enteroendocrine cell
(Li et al., 2013)
adult stage
adult enteroendocrine cell
(Li et al., 2013)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
embryonic/larval fat body | intense
(Sano et al., 2015)
embryonic/larval gut | faint
(Sano et al., 2015)
larval central nervous system | faint
(Sano et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

CCHa2 transcripts are predominantly detected in the larval fat body. Expression is also seen in the larval gut and only very low amounts are detected in the larval CNS.

(Sano et al., 2015)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
embryonic/larval fat body | punctate
(Sano et al., 2015)
embryonic/larval gut | punctate
(Sano et al., 2015)
embryonic/larval posterior midgut | restricted
(Veenstra and Ida, 2014)
embryonic/larval anterior midgut | restricted
(Veenstra and Ida, 2014)
enteroendocrine cell
(Veenstra and Ida, 2014)
third instar larval stage
larval enteroendocrine cell
(Li et al., 2013)
larval thoracic neuromere
(Li et al., 2013)
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Li et al., 2013)
adult stage
adult enteroendocrine cell
(Li et al., 2013)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval midgut

Comment: peptides

(Reiher et al., 2011)
adult stage
adult midgut

Comment: peptides

(Reiher et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data

Double-labeling for CCHa2 and Fas2 (which outlines the three fused thoracic ganglia) showed that the CCHa2-positive neuronal perikarya in the ventral nerve cord were all located in the three thoracic segments. While the perikarya and some of their processes were located in the ventral part of the ventral nerve cord, there were also longitudinal oriented processes in the dorsal part of the ventral nerve cord.

(Li et al., 2013)

CCHa2 peptides were detected in extracts from adult and larval midguts.

(Reiher et al., 2011)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Hansen et al., 2011, Reiher et al., 2011)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: TI{2A-lexA::GAD}CCHa22A-lexA
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
CCHamide-2 neuron
(Deng et al., 2019)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\CCHa2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 11 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of CCHa2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of CCHa2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3R)Exel7320
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (10)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004553
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012959
2 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013072
2 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013098
2 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013531
2 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013169
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013295
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013325
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013438
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013483
1 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:CCHa2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
CCHa1
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-53
    Cytogenetic map
    87E8-87E8
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    87E8-87E8
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}CtBP03463 and P{lacW}B52s2249&P{lacW}flflL4179
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-53

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-50.9

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (10)
    Genomic Clones (16)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (13)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Lee et al., 2025, Veenstra and Ida, 2014, Li et al., 2013)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: CG14375 BcDNA:RE10132

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Additional comments

            Source for merge of CG14375 BcDNA:RE10132 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: CCHa2 CG14375

            (Hansen et al., 2011)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            BcDNA:RE10132
            CCH2
            (Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            CCH2a
            (Ratnaparkhi and Sudhakaran, 2022)
            CCHa2
            (Asahina and Zelikowsky, 2025, Lee et al., 2025, Liu et al., 2025, Nässel, 2025, Nässel, 2025, Yapici, 2025, Brunßen and Suter, 2024, Yun et al., 2024, Chen et al., 2023, Krejčová et al., 2023, Havula et al., 2022, Kubrak et al., 2022, Sano et al., 2022, Blatt et al., 2021, Chatterjee and Perrimon, 2021, Hung et al., 2021, Meschi and Delanoue, 2021, Ohhara et al., 2021, Oliveira et al., 2021, Parra-Peralbo et al., 2021, Semaniuk et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021, Yeom et al., 2021, Zhang et al., 2021, Ahmad et al., 2020, Gozalo et al., 2020, Hung et al., 2020, Koyama et al., 2020, Lee et al., 2020, Malita and Rewitz, 2020, Neamtu et al., 2020, Texada et al., 2020, Toprak et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020, Deng et al., 2019, Hegazi et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Xu et al., 2019, Croset et al., 2018, Gáliková and Klepsatel, 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Obniski et al., 2018, Liu and Jin, 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Chen et al., 2016, Crocker et al., 2016, Droujinine and Perrimon, 2016, Lee et al., 2015, Sano et al., 2015, Lemaitre and Miguel-Aliaga, 2013, Hansen et al., 2011, Reiher et al., 2011)
            CCHamid2
            (Nässel and Zandawala, 2022, Alvarez-Ochoa et al., 2021)
            CCHamide-2
            (Mattila and Hietakangas, 2017, Schoofs et al., 2017, Li et al., 2013)
            CCM
            (Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            CCha2
            (Nässel and Zandawala, 2020)
            CG14375
            (Mao et al., 2024, Lemaitre and Miguel-Aliaga, 2013, Li et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Reiher et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Fujikawa et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5)
            Ccha2
            (Salgado-Canales et al., 2023)
            Dm-CCHa2
            (Hansen et al., 2011)
            ccha2
            (Ingaramo et al., 2020)
            cchamide
            (De Groef et al., 2024)
            Name Synonyms
            CCHamide
            (De Groef et al., 2021, Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            CCHamide 2
            (Veenstra and Ida, 2014)
            CCHamide-2
            (Ahmad et al., 2025, Sano et al., 2022, Chowański et al., 2021, Newell et al., 2020, Chng et al., 2017, Caers et al., 2012, Hansen et al., 2011)
            CCHamide2
            (Nässel and Wu, 2022, Zhao and Karpac, 2020)
            Drm-CCHamide-2
            (Hansen et al., 2011)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0063690
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            References (109)