FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Adgf-A2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Adgf-A2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A2
Annotation Symbol
CG32178
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0043025
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Gene Summary
Adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A2 (Adgf-A2) encodes a growth factor involved in spermatid development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

MSI

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
75A1-75A1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-45
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:17754936..17764158
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables adenosine deaminase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:Adgf-A; FB:FBgn0036752,FLYBASE:Adgf-D; FB:FBgn0038172
(Zurovec et al., 2002)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000150817
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006331
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables deaminase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001365, InterPro:IPR006330
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in spermatid development
inferred from expression pattern
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in adenosine catabolic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000150817
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:Adgf-A; FB:FBgn0036752,FLYBASE:Adgf-D; FB:FBgn0038172
(Zurovec et al., 2002)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006331
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in inosine biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000150817
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000150875
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006331, InterPro:IPR013659
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
located_in membrane
inferred from sequence model
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
adenosine deaminase activity
RHEA 24408:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A2 (Adgf-A2) encodes a growth factor involved in spermatid development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ADENOSINE DEAMINASES -
Adenosine deaminases catalyze the deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Adgf-A2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8IQR3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Shares 5' UTR with downstream gene.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Adgf-A2-RA
FBtr0075192
NM_080281
1814
561
Adgf-A2-RB
FBtr0110846
NM_001043147
1800
542
Adgf-A2-RC
FBtr0110847
NM_001043148
1794
542
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.792 (longest cDNA)

(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Adgf-A2-PA
FBpp0074956
65.3
561
6.51
Q8IQR3
NP_525020
AAN11698
Adgf-A2-PB
FBpp0110143
63.2
542
6.72
Q0E8D8
NP_001036612
ABI31259
Adgf-A2-PC
FBpp0110144
63.2
542
6.72
Q0E8D8
NP_001036613
ABI31260
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

542 aa isoforms: Adgf-A2-PB, Adgf-A2-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

561 (aa); 66 (kD observed)

(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Adgf-A2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

5.06

Transcript Expression
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
pupal stage
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
adult stage | male
testis
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
spermatogenesis & adult stage
spermatocyte
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Additional Descriptive Data

Msi transcript is expressed in mature primary spermatocytes.

(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
spermatogenesis & adult stage
spermatozoon
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
spermatocyte
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
spermatid
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

While Msi transcript is expressed in mature primary spermatocytes, Msi protein is expressed in later stages of spermiogenesis as well.

(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Matsushita et al., 2000)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Adgf-A2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Adgf-A2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Adgf-A2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)Exel9005
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (6)
Hsap\ADA2
7 of 14
Yes
No
1  
Hsap\ADA
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\AMPD1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AMPD2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\AMPD3
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ADAL
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Adal
2 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ada
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Ampd1
2 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ampd2
2 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ampd3
2 of 14
Yes
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
Mmus\Adal
2 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ada
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Ampd1
2 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ampd2
2 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ampd3
2 of 14
Yes
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
Xtro\ada2
2 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\adal
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ada
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\hes6.2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\kif5a
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mphosph8
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (8)
Drer\ada2a
7 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ada2b
7 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ada
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\adal
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ampd3a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ampd3b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ampd1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ampd2b
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\adal-1
2 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\adah-1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006906
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006907
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005283
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005158
2 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\AT4G04880
3 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\FAC1
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
Scer\AAH1
4 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\AMD1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\YBR284W
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\YJL070C
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
Spom\SPBC1683.02
2 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\ada1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\dea2
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\add
3 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Adgf-A2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (7)
Adgf-A
7 of 13
Adgf-B
7 of 13
Adgf-C
7 of 13
Adgf-D
7 of 13
Adgf-E
7 of 13
Ada
4 of 13
AMPdeam
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    ADA2; adenosine deaminase 2
    model of  Sneddon syndrome
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    ADA2; adenosine deaminase 2
    7 of 14
    607575
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-45
    Cytogenetic map
    75A1-75A1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    75A1-75A1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)j11B2j11B2 and P{PZ}W05014
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    75A-75A
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Matsushita et al., 2000)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-45

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-41.2

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (6)
    Genomic Clones (12)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (20)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Matsushita et al., 2000)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        New annotation (CG32178) in release 3 of the genome annotation.

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

        Msi exhibits growth factor activity when expressed in Schneider line 2 cells.

        (Matsushita et al., 2000)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Msi BcDNA:AT05468

        (FlyBase, 1996-)

        Source for merge of: Msi CG32178

        (FlyBase, 1996-)
        Additional comments

        Source for merge of Msi BcDNA:AT05468 was shared cDNA (AT05468) ( date:030529 ).

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2006, FlyBase, 1996-)

        Source for merge of Msi CG32178 was sequence comparison ( date:021112 ).

        (FlyBase, 1996-)
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Adgf-A2 Msi

        (FlyBase, 2009-)
        Nomenclature comments

        Renamed from 'Msi' to Adgf-A2' to reflect usage in the literature and to make Adgf gene nomenclature consistent.

        (FlyBase, 2009-)
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        ADGF-A2
        (Novakova and Dolezal, 2011, Zuberova et al., 2010, Dolezal et al., 2003, Zurovec et al., 2002, Maier et al., 2001)
        Adgf-A2
        (Gallo et al., 2022, Spierer et al., 2021, Ågren et al., 2020)
        BcDNA:AT05468
        CG32178
        (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2023-, Ni et al., 2010.12.1)
        MSI
        (Fleischmannova et al., 2012, Novakova and Dolezal, 2011, Matsushita et al., 2000)
        Msi
        (Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21)
        Name Synonyms
        Adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A2
        (Ramond et al., 2020)
        Male-specific insect derived growth factor
        (Matsushita et al., 2000)
        male-specific IDGF
        (Matsushita, 1999.3.23)
        male-specific-imaginal-disc-growth-factor
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0052178
        • FBgn0065024
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 49 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        References (38)