FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\AOX1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\AOX1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Aldehyde oxidase 1
Annotation Symbol
CG18522
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0267408
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
4 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
aldehyde oxidase (1.2.3.1)
pyridoxal oxidase (1.2.3.8)
Gene Summary
Aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) encodes a pyridoxal oxidase involved in pyridoxal metabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

lpo

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
88F7-88F7
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-57
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:15532137..15537292
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables aldehyde oxidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Marelja et al., 2014)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Marelja et al., 2014)
enables pyridoxal oxidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Marelja et al., 2014)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Marelja et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006058
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables FAD binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016166
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR036318
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables iron ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016208
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables iron-sulfur cluster binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001041, InterPro:IPR036010
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables metal ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002888
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000225633
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in pyridoxal metabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Marelja et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q06278
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
aldehyde oxidase activity
an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (1.2.3.1)
RHEA 16829: pyridoxal oxidase activity
pyridoxal + O2 + H2O = 4-pyridoxate + H2O2 + H(+) (1.2.3.8)
RHEA 23724:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) encodes a pyridoxal oxidase involved in pyridoxal metabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ALDEHYDE OR OXO OXIDOREDUCTASES, WITH OXYGEN AS ACCEPTOR -
Aldehyde or oxo oxidoreductases with oxygen as acceptor, include dehydrogenases that oxidize an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group with the reduction of oxygen molecule.
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Po: Pyridoxal oxidase
The structural gene for the enzyme, pyridoxal oxidase [PO (EC 1.2.3.8)]; molecular weight approximately 225,000 daltons. Enzymatic characterization by Hanley (1980, Mol. Gen. Genet. 180: 455-62). Substrate specificities explored by Cypher, Tedesco, Courtright, and Kumaran (1982, Biochem. Genet. 20: 315-32). As PO is a molybdenum-containing protein (Warner and Finnerty, 1981, Mol. Gen. Genet. 184: 92-96), its activity is absent from cin, mal, and lxd flies, but cross reacting material is present in the latter two (but not the former) genotypes (Warner, Watts, and Finnerty, 1980, Mol. Gen. Genet. 180: 449-53). Enzyme activity present in all major organs except cardia, crop, imaginal discs, ovarian follicle cells, paragonia, pericardial cells, and wreath cells (Cypher et al., 1982). Developmental profile shows dramatic increase in activity beginning in late pupa and continuing into adult life (Dickinson and Weisbrod, 1976). The nearly amorphic allele, Polpo, exhibits 2% normal activity; little if any cross reacting material is detectable in Polpo.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\AOX1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VF53)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Fourth of four related adjacent genes.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
AOX1-RA
FBtr0083154
NM_142218
4228
1273
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\AOX1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.30

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
enzyme assay or biochemical detection
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage

Comment: high levels in larvae and adults

(Marelja et al., 2014)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
• membrane
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

High levels of AOX1 activity are detected in larvae and adults and low levels are observed in early embryos, white pre-pupae, and pupae (2-3 days). Levels are low in adult heads and higher in abdomen plus thorax.

(Marelja et al., 2014)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\AOX1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 6 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 2 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of AOX1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of AOX1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 10 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Other Phenotypes
Allele
electrophoretic variant
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\AOX1
5 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\XDH
5 of 14
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Aox1
5 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Aox2
5 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Xdh
5 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Aox3
4 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Aox4
4 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
Mmus\Aox1
5 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Aox2
5 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Aox3
5 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Aox4
5 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Xdh
5 of 14
Yes
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\aox1
3 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\LOC100493336
3 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\aox1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\xdh
2 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\aox6
5 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\xdh
5 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\aox5
4 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\F15E6.6
6 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\gad-3
6 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\xdh-1
5 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (10)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005637
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006221
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006224
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006225
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006226
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006220
10 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005636
9 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005638
9 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012569
5 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007918
4 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (10)
Atha\AAO2
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AAO3
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AO1
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AO4
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\XDH1
6 of 13
No
No
Atha\XDH2
6 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G04390
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G37500
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G02590
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G31196
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (5)
Ecol\xdhA
7 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\xdhD
7 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\paoC
4 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\xdhC
3 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\paoA
2 of 11
No
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:AOX1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
AOX3
12 of 13
AOX4
12 of 13
AOX2
11 of 13
ry
9 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    XDH; xanthine dehydrogenase
    model of  xanthinuria type I
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    AOX1; aldehyde oxidase 1
    5 of 14
    602841
        XDH; xanthine dehydrogenase
        5 of 14
        607633
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        AOX1 - dar1
        two hybrid
        (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
        AOX1 - ey
        two hybrid
        (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
        AOX1 - hale
        two hybrid
        (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
        AOX1 - svp
        two hybrid
        (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Linkouts
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        External Data
        Linkouts
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        3R
        Recombination map
        3-57
        Cytogenetic map
        88F7-88F7
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        88F7-88F7
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}MRG15j6A3 and P{PZ}l(3)0653606536
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        3-57

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        3-56.9

        (Comeron et al., 2012)

        3-57.1

        Left of (cM)
        (Nelson and Szauter, 1992)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (4)
        Genomic Clones (17)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (47)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Cell Line Information
          Publicly Available Cell Lines
           
            Other Stable Cell Lines
             
              Other Comments

              Name changed from lpo to Po in order to conform to terminology for other structural genes for enzymes.

              The structural gene for the enzyme, pyridoxal oxidase (PO); molecular weight approximately 225,000 daltons. Enzymatic characterization by Hanley (1980). Substrate specificities explored by Cypher, Tedesco, Courtright and Kumaran (1982). As PO is a molybdenum-containing protein (Warner and Finnerty, 1981), its activity is absent from cin, mal and lxd flies, but cross-reacting material is present in the latter two (but not the former) genotypes (Warner, Watts and Finnerty, 1980). Enzyme activity present in all major organs except cardia, crop, imaginal discs, ovarian follicle cells, paragonia, pericardial cells and wreath cells (Cypher et al., 1982). Developmental profile shows dramatic increase in activity beginning in late pupa and continuing into adult life (Dickinson and Weisbrod, 1976). The nearly amorphic allele, Polpo, exhibits 2% normal activity; little if any cross reacting material is detectable in Polpo.

              Relationship to Other Genes
              Source for database merge of

              Source for merge of: CG18522 Po

              (Marelja et al., 2014)
              Additional comments
              Nomenclature History
              Source for database identify of

              Source for identity of: AOX1 CG18522

              (Marelja et al., 2014)
              Nomenclature comments
              Etymology
              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 56 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
              Linkouts
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
              References (51)