FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\twy

FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026

FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026

Gene: Dmel\twy

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\twy

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

twitchy

Annotation Symbol

CG5964

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0036206

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

3 publicly available

Gene Summary

Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.

All Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

FBF1

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3L:11,790,212..11,793,283 [-]

Recombination map

3-36

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:11790212..11793283

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)

Molecular Function (0 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Biological Process (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in cytosolic ciliogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Hodge et al., 2021)

involved_in non-motile cilium assembly

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Hou et al., 2023, Hodge et al., 2021)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in cilium assembly

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002134454

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR033561

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in establishment of epithelial cell polarity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR033561

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Cellular Component (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

part_of ciliary transition fiber

inferred from direct assay

(Hou et al., 2023)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in centriole

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002134454

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

is_active_in ciliary basal body

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002134454

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

part_of ciliary transition fiber

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR033561

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

Protein Family (UniProt)

-

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

1

Number of Unique Polypeptides

1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\twy for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VTN6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

FBtr0076085

3007

928

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

FBpp0075816

106.4

928

5.12

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\twy using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

CG5964_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

4.21

Transcript Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

scolopidial cilium

(Hou et al., 2023)

antennal segment 3 sense organ

(Hou et al., 2023)

(Hou et al., 2023)

scolopidial cilium

(Hou et al., 2023)

antennal segment 3 sense organ

(Hou et al., 2023)

(Hou et al., 2023)

adult stage | male

spermatocyte | restricted

(Hou et al., 2023)

spermatid | restricted

(Hou et al., 2023)

Additional Descriptive Data

twy protein localizes at the ciliary base in both ciliated chordotonal organs and spermatocytes. In spermatocytes, it localizes to centrioles just below the transition zone and at the base of both spermatocyte primary-like cilia and spermatid ciliary caps, forming ringlike structures surrounding microtubule doublets.

(Hou et al., 2023)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

part_of ciliary transition fiber

inferred from direct assay

(Hou et al., 2023)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: P{twy.GFP}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

scolopidial cilium

(Hou et al., 2023)

antennal segment 3 sense organ

(Hou et al., 2023)

(Hou et al., 2023)

scolopidial cilium

(Hou et al., 2023)

antennal segment 3 sense organ

(Hou et al., 2023)

(Hou et al., 2023)

adult stage | male

spermatocyte | restricted

(Hou et al., 2023)

spermatid | restricted

(Hou et al., 2023)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\twy in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\twy

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\twy

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39330/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0036206

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0036206

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0036206

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5964

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0036206

Images

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of twy

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of twy

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 4 )

Gene disrupted in

(Hodge et al., 2021)

(Hodge et al., 2021)

(Hodge et al., 2021)

(Hodge et al., 2021)

Inferred from location ( 5 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

twy^m2

lethal (with Df(3L)BSC676)

twy^m2

lethal (with Df(3L)BSC727)

twy^m2

lethal (with Df(3L)ED4470)

twy^m2

partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

twy^GD9893

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

twy^GD9893

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

twy^GD9893

Sterility

Allele

male sterile, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal adult locomotory behavior | recessive

twy^57-2

abnormal behavior | larval stage | recessive

twy^57-2

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage

twy^m2

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^sca.PU

twy^KK104108

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage (with Df(3L)BSC676)

twy^m2

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage (with Df(3L)BSC727)

twy^m2

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage (with Df(3L)ED4470)

twy^m2

abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage | recessive

abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage

twy^m2

abnormal touch response | larval stage | recessive

decreased fecundity | male, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

short lived | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

twy^GD9893

some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

twy^GD9893

uncoordinated | adult stage

uncoordinated | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^sca.PU

twy^KK104108

uncoordinated | adult stage (with Df(3L)BSC676)

twy^m2

uncoordinated | adult stage (with Df(3L)BSC727)

uncoordinated | adult stage (with Df(3L)ED4470)

twy^m2

visible | adult stage

twy^m2

visible | adult stage (with Df(3L)BSC676)

twy^m2

visible | adult stage (with Df(3L)BSC727)

twy^m2

visible | adult stage (with Df(3L)ED4470)

twy^m2

visible | larval stage | recessive

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

axoneme | adult stage

twy^57-2

chordotonal organ | larval stage

twy^57-2

cilium | absent | larval stage

twy^57-2

cilium | spermatogenesis, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

cystic bulge, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage

twy^m2

investment cone, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

Johnston organ | adult stage

twy^57-2

mitochondrion | spermatogenesis

twy^57-2

scolopidial cilium | absent | adult stage

twy^57-2

seminal vesicle, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

spermatid | decreased number

twy^57-2

spermatid axoneme

twy^57-2

spermatozoon | absent, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

sperm individualization complex, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

testis | adult stage

waste bag, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.bam

twy^KK104108

twy^m2

wing (with Df(3L)BSC676)

twy^m2

wing (with Df(3L)BSC727)

twy^m2

wing (with Df(3L)ED4470)

twy^m2

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (2)

7 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)

7 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)

8 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)

5 of 13

Yes

Yes

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)

2 of 14

Yes

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010444

11 of 12

Yes

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:twy. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

FBF1; Fas binding factor 1

7 of 14

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0036206

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39330

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

3L

Recombination map

3-36

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3L:11,790,212..11,793,283 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

68D6-68D6

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)01239⁰¹²³⁹&P{lacW}l(3)01239^j9B4 and P{PZ}CycA⁰²⁴⁶¹&P{PZ}CycA⁰³⁹⁴⁶

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-36

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-30.1

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (3)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

5964R-3

v107853

P{KK104108}VIE-260B

v33617

w¹¹¹⁸ P{GD9893}v33617

Genomic Clones (12)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (8)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

AT26096

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0036206

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0036206

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Hou et al., 2023)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

FlyBase curator comment: the insertion in the "e00319" Exelixis line (PBac{RB}CG10907^e00319) was originally assigned to the CG5964 gene in FBrf0179797, resulting in the "CG5964^e00319" (FBal0161214) allele. However, FBrf0184340 shows that the insertion is actually within CG10907.

(Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 2004.11.6)

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: twy CG5964

(Hodge et al., 2021)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Named 'twitchy' as mutant adults are able to twitch their legs but are unable to balance, walk, jump or fly.

(Hodge et al., 2021)

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG5964

(Blümel et al., 2022, Hodge et al., 2021, Hou et al., 2020, Yamamoto-Hino and Goto, 2013, Aikin et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5)

FBF1

(Hou et al., 2023, Hou et al., 2020, Wu et al., 2020)

Fbf1

(Hou et al., 2023)

fbf1

(Hou et al., 2023)

twy

(Hodge et al., 2021)

Name Synonyms

twitchy

(Hodge et al., 2021)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 29 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

39330

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VTN6

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VTN6

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39330/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0036206

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0036206

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0036206

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG5964

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

39330

Linkouts

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0036206

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0036206

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0036206

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

CG5964_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0036206

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0036206

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5964

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0036206

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC002926

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39330

References (26)