FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\cmb
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\cmb
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
combover
Annotation Symbol
CG10732
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0036365
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
4 publicly available
Gene Summary
combover (cmb) encodes an in vitro substrate of the product of Rok, that physically interacts with the planar cell polarity (PCP) effector encoded by mwh, contributing to PCP during wing hair formation. Independent of PCP, cmb is required for spermiogenesis, during which it interacts with Rsph3. [Date last reviewed: 2021-04-08] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
70B1-70B1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-40
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:13442594..13449245
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (3 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:mwh; FB:FBgn0264272
(Fagan et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mwh; FB:FBgn0264272
(Fagan et al., 2014)
involved_in sperm individualization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Steinhauer et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    combover (cmb) encodes an in vitro substrate of the product of Rok, that physically interacts with the planar cell polarity (PCP) effector encoded by mwh, contributing to PCP during wing hair formation. Independent of PCP, cmb is required for spermiogenesis, during which it interacts with Rsph3. [Date last reviewed: 2021-04-08]
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    substrate of the product of Rho kinase, physically interacts with the planar cell polarity effector encoded by multiple wing hairs, essential for sperm individualization, binds to the axonemal component Radial spoke protein 3

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    4
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    4

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\cmb for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VU76)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

    Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

    Gene model reviewed during 5.45

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    cmb-RA
    FBtr0075851
    NM_168546
    5299
    1657
    cmb-RB
    FBtr0075852
    NM_140393
    3249
    809
    cmb-RC
    FBtr0331533
    NM_001274872
    5206
    1626
    cmb-RD
    FBtr0331534
    NM_001274873
    5200
    1624
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    cmb-PA
    FBpp0075586
    184.0
    1657
    5.61
    Q9VU76
    NP_729901
    AAF49814
    cmb-PB
    FBpp0075587
    89.6
    809
    5.50
    Q961X4
    NP_648650
    AAN11838
    cmb-PC
    FBpp0303923
    180.6
    1626
    5.45
    M9PFI2
    NP_001261801
    AGB94494
    cmb-PD
    FBpp0303924
    180.4
    1624
    5.45
    M9PFE5
    NP_001261802
    AGB94495
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\cmb using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    3.57

    Transcript Expression
    Polypeptide Expression
    mass spectroscopy
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult head
    (Aradska et al., 2015)
    day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
    spermatozoon
    (Wasbrough et al., 2010)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\cmb in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
    • Stages(s) 1-3
    • Stages(s) 4-6
    • Stages(s) 7-8
    • Stages(s) 11-12
    • Stages(s) 13-16
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 2 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of cmb
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of cmb
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
    Inferred from location ( 4 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    partially lethal | dominant | paternal effect
    viable
    viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
    viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
    viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
    Sterility
    Allele
    female fertile
    male sterile
    male sterile, with Scer\GAL4VP16.bam, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
    male sterile (with Df(3L)BSC614)
    male sterile (with Df(3L)BSC737)
    male sterile | recessive
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal mitotic cell cycle | dominant | paternal effect
    abnormal planar polarity | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    decreased fecundity
    decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior
    decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    visible | adult stage
    visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    axonemal doublet microtubule
    bristle of mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    cytoplasm | male limited
    individualization stage spermatid
    investment cone
    minor mitochondrial derivative
    scolopidium
    spermatid axoneme
    spermatozoon
    sperm flagellum
    sperm individualization complex
    waste bag
    wing
    wing hair, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
    wing hair, with Scer\GAL4nub.PU
    wing hair | increased number, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
    wing hair | increased number, with Scer\GAL4nub.PU
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
    Hsap\PCM1
    2 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
    Rnor\Pcm1
    2 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
    Mmus\Pcm1
    2 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
    Xtro\pcm1
    1 of 13
    Yes
    Yes
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
    Drer\pcm1
    1 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP012311
    3 of 12
    Yes
    Yes
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP012312
    1 of 12
    No
    Yes
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:cmb. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Gene Symbol
    Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
    dokb
    1 of 13
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      cmb
      enhanceable
      frtz
      (Fagan et al., 2014)
      cmb
      enhanceable
      fy
      (Fagan et al., 2014)
      cmb
      enhanceable
      in
      (Fagan et al., 2014)
      cmb
      enhanceable
      mwh
      (Fagan et al., 2014)
      cmb
      enhanceable
      Rok
      (Fagan et al., 2014)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      mwh
      suppressible
      cmb
      (Fagan et al., 2014)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3L
      Recombination map
      3-40
      Cytogenetic map
      70B1-70B1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      70B1-70B1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0422004220&P{lacW}l(3)j10B6j10B6 and P{PZ}stv00543
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-40

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-34.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (4)
      Genomic Clones (16)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (48)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Pachinger et al., 2025, Fagan et al., 2014)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: CG10732 NEST:bs28e06

          (Rana, 2004.7.8)
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: cmb CG10732

          (Fagan et al., 2014)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 46 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (33)