FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Grx1

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Grx1

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Glutaredoxin 1

Annotation Symbol

CG6852

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0036820

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

4 publicly available

Gene Summary

Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) encodes a protein involved in copper ion homeostasis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Interactive Fly

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

75E2-75E2

Sequence location

3L:18,869,230..18,870,057 [+]

Recombination map

3-45

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:18869230..18870057

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000018533

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables protein-glutathione oxidoreductase (glutathione) activity

non-traceable author statement

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Biological Process (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in copper ion homeostasis

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:ATP7; FB:FBgn0030343

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ctr1B; FB:FBgn0062412

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ctr1A; FB:FBgn0062413

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

involved_in response to copper ion

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in cellular response to oxidative stress

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000018533

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytoplasm

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000018533

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

located_in cytosol

inferred from sequence model

(Mondal and Singh, 2022)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

GLUTAREDOXINS

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) encodes a protein involved in copper ion homeostasis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

GLUTAREDOXINS -: Glutaredoxins are a family of small molecular weight proteins that have a central role in cellular redox regulation. They are kept in a reduced, active form by glutathione and glutathione reductase using NADPH. Glutaredoxins perform two distinct enzymatic reactions. First, reduction of protein disulfides depends on the active site motif Cys-X-X-Cys, using the so-called 'dithiol mechanism' similar to thioredoxins. Second, reversible (de-)glutathionylation of proteins that depends only on the N-terminal active site cysteinyl residue, using the 'monothiol mechanism'. Glutathionylation is a post-translational modification of proteins, similar to phosphorylation - thus the addition/removal of glutathione from target proteins acts as a molecular switch to regulate protein activities. (Adapted from FBrf0200723 and PMID:23397885.)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Grx1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VVT6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.40

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Grx1-RA

FBtr0075063

NM_140808

595

114

Grx1-RC

FBtr0308813

NM_001259898

607

114

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Grx1-PA

FBpp0074830

12.4

114

8.71

FBpp0300970

12.4

114

8.71

Q9VVT6

NP_001246827

AFH04498

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

114 aa isoforms: Grx1-PA, Grx1-PC

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Q9VVT6

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Grx1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

CG6852_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.40

Transcript Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Grx1 in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Grx1

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Grx1

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

40053/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0036820

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0036820

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0036820

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG6852

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0036820

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 2 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 3 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Grx1

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Grx1

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(3l)Rad9^7-20

(Vanrobays et al., 2010)

Df(3l)RRad9^7-8

(Vanrobays et al., 2010)

Inferred from location ( 6 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

Grx1^GD10587

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

Grx1^GD10587

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

Grx1^GD10587

lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Grx1^GD10587

partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4^da.PU

Grx1^GD10587

viable

Grx1^PL00166

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Grx1^GD10587

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Grx1^GD10587

Sterility

Allele

fertile

Grx1^PL00166

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

Grx1^GD10587

abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Grx1^GD10587

visible, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PFa

Grx1^GD10587

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Grx1^GD10587

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

adult thorax, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Grx1^GD10587

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PFa

Grx1^GD10587

ganglion mother cell | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

Grx1^GD10587

larval neuroblast | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

Grx1^GD10587

scutellum, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Grx1^GD10587

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (8)

Hsap\GLRX2

12 of 14

Yes

Hsap\GLRX

5 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (8)

Rnor\Glrx2

12 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Glrx

5 of 14

Yes

Rnor\LOC305806

3 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (7)

Mmus\Glrx2

10 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Glrx

5 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (7)

Xtro\glrx2

7 of 13

Yes

Xtro\glrx

3 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6)

Drer\glrx2

12 of 14

Yes

Drer\glrx

4 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (10)

Cele\glrx-10

11 of 14

Yes

Cele\F10D7.3

8 of 14

Yes

Cele\glrx-21

4 of 14

Yes

Cele\glrx-22

4 of 14

Yes

Cele\pqn-26

4 of 14

Yes

Cele\ZC334.7

4 of 14

Yes

Cele\F26F4.9

2 of 14

Yes

Cele\glrx-3

1 of 14

Cele\glrx-5

1 of 14

Cele\Y45F10A.7

1 of 14

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)

Agam\GRX1

12 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP000262

1 of 12

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002500

1 of 12

Agam\AgaP_AGAP003415

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (44)

Atha\AT1G77370

11 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G20500

11 of 13

Yes

Atha\GRXC1

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\GRXC2

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G20270

6 of 13

Yes

Atha\GrxC5

6 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G03020

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G47870

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G21460

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G62930

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G62950

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G15660

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G15670

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G15680

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G15690

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G15700

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G18600

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\ROXY1

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\ROXY2

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G06830

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G30540

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G47880

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G62960

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G33040

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G11930

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\GRX480

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\GRXS13

2 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G28850

1 of 13

Atha\AT3G57070

1 of 13

Atha\AT4G08550

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (9)

Scer\GRX1

11 of 13

Yes

Scer\GRX2

11 of 13

Yes

Scer\GRX6

4 of 13

Yes

Scer\GRX7

4 of 13

Yes

Scer\GRX8

2 of 13

Yes

Scer\PRM4

2 of 13

Yes

Scer\GRX3

1 of 13

Scer\GRX4

1 of 13

Scer\GRX5

1 of 13

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (4)

Spom\grx1

10 of 12

Yes

Spom\grx2

6 of 12

Yes

Spom\grx3

4 of 12

Yes

Spom\grx5

1 of 12

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (3)

Ecol\grxC

9 of 11

Yes

Ecol\grxA

4 of 11

Yes

Ecol\nrdH

1 of 11

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Grx1. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)

13 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GLRX2; glutaredoxin 2

12 of 14

606820

GLRX; glutaredoxin

5 of 14

600443

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Grx1

enhanceable

ATP7

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Grx1

enhanceable

Ctr1A

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Grx1

enhanceable

Ctr1B

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Ctr1A

enhanceable

Grx1

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

External Data

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0036820

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

3-45

Cytogenetic map

75E2-75E2

Sequence location

3L:18,869,230..18,870,057 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

75E2-75E2

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)j14E7^j14E7 and P{lacW}l(3)j4E6^j4E6

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-45

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-42.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (4)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

33268

w¹¹¹⁸; P{EP}Grx1^G5581 P{EP}G5581

19405

w^*; PBac{GAL4D,EYFP}Grx1^PL00166 P{FRT(w^hs)}2A P{neoFRT}82B

VDRC

v101410

P{KK109090}VIE-260B

v26001

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD10587}v26001

Genomic Clones (14)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (5)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

GH24739

Other clones

DPiM_GH24739

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0036820

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0036820

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: CG6852 BcDNA:GH24739

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Additional comments

There are two putative orthologs of human GRX1 (aka GLRX), CG6852 and CG7975; CG6852 is the more plausible candidate owing to its broader expression pattern (as opposed to the testis-specific expression of CG7975) and its slightly higher conservation with hGRX1.

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Source for merge of CG6852 BcDNA:GH24739 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: Grx1 CG6852

(Mercer and Burke, 2016)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (4)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

BcDNA:GH24739

CG6852

(Mercer and Burke, 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Rosa-Ferreira et al., 2015, Guan et al., 2011, Vanrobays et al., 2010, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Langille and Clark, 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Betz and Darnell, 2006, Dierick and Greenspan, 2006, Scherzer et al., 2003)

Grx1

(Hossain et al., 2023, Nozawa et al., 2023, Hall et al., 2019)

Name Synonyms

Glutaredoxin 1

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0063224

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 34 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

40053

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VVT6

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q9VVT6

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VVT6

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

40053/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0036820

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0036820

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0036820

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG6852

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

40053

Linkouts

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0036820

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0036820

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0036820

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

CG6852_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0036820

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0036820

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG6852

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0036820

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

References (39)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

-0.40

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