FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\verm
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\verm
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
vermiform
Annotation Symbol
CG8756
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261341
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
vermiform (verm) encodes a chitin deacetylase-like protein that is secreted by tracheal cells and accumulates in the embryonic tracheal lumen. Its functions include cuticle development and tracheal tube size control. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

N63, LCBP1, helmsman, hlm, l(3)76BDx

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
76C1-76C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-46
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:19690033..19695260
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables chitin binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002557, InterPro:IPR036508
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
NOT enables chitin deacetylase activity
inferred from key residues
(Dixit et al., 2008)
Biological Process (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in adult chitin-based cuticle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhang et al., 2019)
involved_in chitin-based cuticle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Luschnig et al., 2006)
involved_in dorsal trunk growth, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McKay et al., 2008)
involved_in larval chitin-based cuticle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pesch et al., 2015)
involved_in open tracheal system development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Luschnig et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006)
involved_in regulation of tube length, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Luschnig et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006)
involved_in trachea morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McKay et al., 2008)
involved_in visual behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McKay et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in adult chitin-based cuticle development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000829565
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in carbohydrate metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011330
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in larval chitin-based cuticle development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000829565
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of tube length, open tracheal system
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000829565
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell surface
inferred from direct assay
(Pesch et al., 2015)
located_in chitin-based extracellular matrix
inferred from direct assay
(Pesch et al., 2015, Petkau et al., 2012, Luschnig et al., 2006)
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002557
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
vermiform (verm) encodes a chitin deacetylase-like protein that is secreted by tracheal cells and accumulates in the embryonic tracheal lumen. Its functions include cuticle development and tracheal tube size control. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
PSEUDO-CHITIN DEACETYLASES -
Pseudo-chitin deacetylases are evolutionary related to chitin deacetylases but are predicted to be enzymatically inactive because they have key substitutions of critical amino acids within the catalytic domain. (Adapted from FBrf0204376.)
CHITIN BINDING DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS -
Chitin binding domains are found in certain classes of chitin binding proteins and chitin-active enzymes. (Adapted from FBrf0108362.)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

secreted polysaccharide deacetylases - converts chitin to chitosan - required to assemble cable-like extracellular matrix and restrict tracheal tube elongation

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\verm for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry E1JI40)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
verm-RG
FBtr0302335
NM_168809
2165
525
verm-RH
FBtr0345144
NM_168808
2183
531
verm-RI
FBtr0345145
NM_001169998
2255
555
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
verm-PG
FBpp0291540
59.6
525
4.83
Q8IQU1
NP_730442
AAF49121
verm-PH
FBpp0311365
60.2
531
4.74
Q9VW31
NP_730441
AAF49123
verm-PI
FBpp0311366
63.1
555
4.81
E1JI40
NP_001163469
ACZ94740
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\verm using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.58

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
epithelial cell

Comment: excluded from blastoderm layer

(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
epithelium

Comment: excluded from blastoderm layer

(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
embryonic stage 11 -- 13
presumptive embryonic/larval tracheal system
(McKay et al., 2008)
prepupal stage P4
retina

Comment: 12h APF

(McKay et al., 2008)
pharate adult stage P9
retina

Comment: 65h APF

(McKay et al., 2008)
adult stage
retina
(McKay et al., 2008)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
tracheal lumen
(Massarwa et al., 2009)
embryonic stage 16
tracheal lumen
(Dong et al., 2013, Förster and Luschnig, 2012)
adult stage
eye photoreceptor cell
(McKay et al., 2008)
retina | restricted
(McKay et al., 2008)
lamina | restricted
(McKay et al., 2008)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(McKay et al., 2008)
Additional Descriptive Data

verm protein is secreted into the tracheal lumen.

(Massarwa et al., 2009)

verm is detected on the surface of photoreceptors in the adult retina.

(McKay et al., 2008)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell surface
inferred from direct assay
(Pesch et al., 2015)
located_in chitin-based extracellular matrix
inferred from direct assay
(Pesch et al., 2015, Petkau et al., 2012, Luschnig et al., 2006)
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\verm in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 5 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of verm
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of verm
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 27 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\lgx-1
6 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\Y47D3B.6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011937
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011936
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000359
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008123
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008512
3 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:verm. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
Cda4
7 of 13
serp
7 of 13
Cda5
6 of 13
ChLD3
6 of 13
Cda9
4 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    verm
    enhanceable
    serp
    (Luschnig et al., 2006)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    serp
    enhanceable
    verm
    (Luschnig et al., 2006)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-46
    Cytogenetic map
    76C1-76C1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    76C1-76C1
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    76C2-76C3
    (Pollock, 1998.3.10, McKay et al., 1996)
    76C2-76C3
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (McKay, 1995)
    76C-76C
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (McKay and Pollock, 1995)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-46

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-43.1

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (14)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (99)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (McKay et al., 2008)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Identification: By virtue of its expression in the fruit fly retina during visual system neural network development. Embryonic expression of anti-sense hlm RNA arrests outgrowth and branching in the developing trachea. Expression of anti-sense hlm RNA during visual system formation results in reduced visual acuity as assayed by the optomotor response, indicative of an abnormal neural network.

        (Pollock et al., 1998)

        Identified in a subtractive hybridization screen for genes expressed in the adult nervous system.

        (McKay and Pollock, 1995)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: verm hlm

        (McKay et al., 2008)
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: verm LCBP1

        (Wang et al., 2006)

        Source for identity of: LCBP1 CG8756

        (Wang et al., 2005)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology

        Named "vermiform" based on the tracheal phenotypes of the mutants.

        (Wang et al., 2006)
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG8756
        (Ward and Moehring, 2021, Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Lebo et al., 2009, McKay et al., 2008, Lecuyer et al., 2007, Luschnig et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006, Apidianakis et al., 2005, Cirelli et al., 2005, Stanyon et al., 2004)
        DmCDA2
        (Dixit et al., 2008)
        LCBP1
        (Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Lebo et al., 2009, Cook, 2008.12.1)
        N63
        (Pollock, 1998.3.10, McKay et al., 1996, McKay, 1995, McKay and Pollock, 1995)
        Verm
        (Drees et al., 2023, Camelo et al., 2022, Li et al., 2022, Rice et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2020, Zuber et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2019, Kato et al., 2016, Dong and Hayashi, 2015, Hildebrandt et al., 2015, Bätz et al., 2014, Dong et al., 2014, Dong et al., 2014, Jaspers et al., 2014, Caviglia and Luschnig, 2013, Dong et al., 2013, Zuo et al., 2013, Armbruster and Luschnig, 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Yanagihashi et al., 2012, Choi et al., 2011, Mariappa et al., 2011, Forster et al., 2010, Laplante et al., 2010, Nelson et al., 2010, Norum et al., 2010, Massarwa et al., 2009, Swanson et al., 2009, Jayaram et al., 2008, Paul et al., 2007, Tsarouhas et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Swanson and Beitel, 2006)
        hlm
        (McKay et al., 2008, Pollock et al., 2008)
        l(3)76BDx
        (Cooper et al., 2010, Cook, 2008.12.1)
        verm
        (Göpfert et al., 2025, Pignataro et al., 2024, Anthoney et al., 2023, Corthals et al., 2023, Pinheiro et al., 2023, Zhang et al., 2023, Scott et al., 2022, Ward and Moehring, 2021, Cho et al., 2020, Kennison, 2020.10.22, Parra and Johnston, 2020, Raghuraman et al., 2020, Rice et al., 2020, Statzer and Ewald, 2020, Hayashi and Dong, 2017, Yao et al., 2017, Öztürk-Çolak et al., 2016, Förster and Luschnig, 2012, Gangishetti et al., 2012, Ile et al., 2012, Petkau et al., 2012, Cooper et al., 2010, Forster et al., 2010, Laprise et al., 2010, Chung et al., 2009, Araujo et al., 2007, Luschnig et al., 2006, Swanson and Beitel, 2006, Wang et al., 2006)
        Name Synonyms
        LDLa domain containing chitin binding protein 1
        (Wang et al., 2005)
        LDLa domain containing chitin binding protein-1
        (Yadav et al., 2017)
        Vermiform
        (Campbell et al., 2019, Dong et al., 2014, Forster et al., 2010, Nelson et al., 2010, Norum et al., 2010, Swanson and Beitel, 2006)
        helmsman
        (McKay et al., 2008, Pollock et al., 2008, Pollock et al., 1998)
        vermiform
        (Hayashi and Dong, 2017, Choi et al., 2011, Cooper et al., 2010, Laprise et al., 2010, Tiklova et al., 2010, Chung et al., 2009, Dixit et al., 2008, Araujo et al., 2007, Luschnig et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0013991
        • FBgn0036901
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (116)