FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\PGRP-LA
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\PGRP-LA
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Peptidoglycan recognition protein LA
Annotation Symbol
CG32042
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0035975
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
4 publicly available
Gene Summary
Peptidoglycan recognition protein LA (PGRP-LA) encodes a protein implicated in the regulation of the immune deficiency pathway in some epithelia. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
67B1-67B1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-29
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:9334332..9338336
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006619
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
NOT enables N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity
inferred from key residues
(Mellroth et al., 2003)
NOT enables peptidoglycan binding
inferred from key residues
(Gendrin et al., 2013)
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from expression pattern
(Gendrin et al., 2013)
involved_in positive regulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gendrin et al., 2013)
involved_in response to bacterium
inferred from direct assay
(Wagner et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in immune response
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O75594
(Werner et al., 2000)
involved_in innate immune response
non-traceable author statement
(Werner et al., 2000)
NOT involved_in peptidoglycan catabolic process
inferred from key residues
(Mellroth et al., 2003)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in plasma membrane
non-traceable author statement
(Werner et al., 2000)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. (Q95T64)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Peptidoglycan recognition protein LA (PGRP-LA) encodes a protein implicated in the regulation of the immune deficiency pathway in some epithelia. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
LONG PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEINS -
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune response that bind peptidoglycans. Insect PGRPs can be divided into two groups based on transcript size: short PGRPs (PGRP-S) and long PGRPs (PGRP-L). PGRP-L can be intracellular, extracellular, and transmembrane proteins. (Adapted from FBrf0223078).
UNCLASSIFIED PSEUDOENZYMES -
This group comprises pseudoenzymes that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF IMD SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the increased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein probably involved in innate immunity by binding to peptidoglycans (PGN) of bacteria and activating the immune response.
(UniProt, Q95T64)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

regulation of the immune deficiency pathway, non-cell-autonomous role for a JNK/PGRP-LA/Relish signaling axis in mediating death of neighboring normal cells to facilitate tumor growth, functions in tracheae of larvae and adult gut

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\PGRP-LA for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q95T64)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.39

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Gene model includes transcripts encoding non-overlapping portions of the full CDS.

Gene model includes transcripts encoding non-overlapping portions of the full CDS

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
PGRP-LA-RC
FBtr0076433
NM_206306
1593
138
PGRP-LA-RD
FBtr0076434
NM_206305
1286
173
PGRP-LA-RE
FBtr0076435
NM_206304
1698
368
PGRP-LA-RF
FBtr0076432
NM_206307
1606
299
PGRP-LA-RG
FBtr0333882
NM_001274694
945
138
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
PGRP-LA-PC
FBpp0076162
15.5
138
5.16
M9PEM5
NP_996028
AAS65051
PGRP-LA-PD
FBpp0076163
19.0
173
9.35
NP_996027
AAS65050
PGRP-LA-PE
FBpp0076164
40.8
368
8.29
Q95T64
NP_996026
AAF50304
PGRP-LA-PF
FBpp0076161
33.7
299
9.84
NP_996029
AAF50303
PGRP-LA-PG
FBpp0306014
15.5
138
5.16
M9PEM5
NP_001261623
AGB94318
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

138 aa isoforms: PGRP-LA-PC, PGRP-LA-PG
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\PGRP-LA using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.77

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\PGRP-LA in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of PGRP-LA
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of PGRP-LA
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)PGRP-LA-LCΔ
(Gendrin et al., 2013)
Inferred from location ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Hsap\PGLYRP1
4 of 14
Yes
No
1  
Hsap\PGLYRP4
4 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\PGLYRP2
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PGLYRP3
3 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Pglyrp1
4 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Pglyrp3
4 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Pglyrp4
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pglyrp2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\LOC685600
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Pglyrp1
4 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Pglyrp4
4 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Pglyrp2
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pglyrp3
3 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\pglyrp2
3 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\mterf2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pglyrp1-like.1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pglyrp1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\pglyrp5
4 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\pglyrp2
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\pglyrp6
3 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\mig-39
1 of 14
Yes
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (8)
Agam\PGRPLA
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\PGRPS1
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPLB
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPLC
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPLD
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPS2
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPS3
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011476
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:PGRP-LA. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (12)
PGRP-LC
4 of 13
PGRP-LE
4 of 13
PGRP-LF
4 of 13
PGRP-SA
4 of 13
PGRP-SC2
4 of 13
PGRP-SD
4 of 13
PGRP-LB
3 of 13
PGRP-SB1
3 of 13
PGRP-SB2
3 of 13
PGRP-SC1a
3 of 13
PGRP-LD
2 of 13
PGRP-SC1b
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    PGLYRP1; peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
    4 of 14
    604963
         
        PGLYRP4; peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
        4 of 14
        608198
            PGLYRP2; peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
            3 of 14
            608199
                PGLYRP3; peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
                3 of 14
                608197
                     
                    Functional Complementation Data
                    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                    Interactions
                    Summary of Physical Interactions
                    Interaction Browsers
                    Summary of Genetic Interactions
                    Interaction Browsers
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    Pathways
                    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                    Metabolic Pathways
                    FlyBase
                    External Links
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                    Class of Gene
                    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                    Chromosome (arm)
                    3L
                    Recombination map
                    3-29
                    Cytogenetic map
                    67B1-67B1
                    Sequence location
                    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Evidence for location
                    67B1-67B1
                    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0162901629&P{PZ}mRpL1210534 and P{EP}Hsp26EP3336&P{EP}Hsp26EP3315
                    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Notes
                    References
                    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                    Location

                    3-29

                    (FlyBase, 2016)

                    3-23.0

                    (Comeron et al., 2012)
                    Left of (cM)
                    Right of (cM)
                    Notes
                    Stocks and Reagents
                    Stocks (4)
                    Genomic Clones (17)
                     

                    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                    cDNA Clones (10)
                     

                    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                    BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                      BDGP DGC clones
                      Other clones
                      RNAi and Array Information
                      Linkouts
                      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                      Antibody Information
                      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                       
                      Commercially Available Antibodies
                       
                      Cell Line Information
                      Publicly Available Cell Lines
                       
                        Other Stable Cell Lines
                         
                          Other Comments

                          PGRP-LA is not required for the systemic production of antimicrobial peptides in the adult. It may have a role in positively regulating the antibacterial response in infected barrier epithelia: antimicrobial peptide gene expression is reduced in the tracheae of larvae and in the adult gut in PGRP-LA-deficient animals upon oral bacterial infection.

                          (Gendrin et al., 2013)
                          Relationship to Other Genes
                          Source for database merge of

                          Source for merge of: PGRP-LA CG18614

                          (FlyBase, 1996-)

                          Source for merge of: CG18614 CG4361

                          (FlyBase, 1996-)
                          Additional comments

                          Annotations CG18614, CG4361, CG4384 merged as CG32042 in release 3 of the genome annotation.

                          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

                          Source for merge of PGRP-LA CG18614 was a shared cDNA ( date:010720 ).

                          (FlyBase, 1996-)

                          Source for identity of PGRP-LA CG4384 was sequence comparison ( date:001020 ).

                          (FlyBase, 1996-)

                          Source for merge of CG18614 CG4361 was sequence comparison ( date:001104 ).

                          (FlyBase, 1996-)
                          Nomenclature History
                          Source for database identify of

                          Source for identity of: PGRP-LA CG4384

                          (FlyBase, 1996-)
                          Nomenclature comments
                          Etymology
                          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)
                          Datasets (0)
                          Study focus (0)
                          Experimental Role
                          Project
                          Project Type
                          Title
                          Study result (0)
                          Result
                          Result Type
                          Title
                          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 63 )
                          Sequence Crossreferences
                          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                          Other crossreferences
                          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                          Linkouts
                          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                          References (84)