FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\PGRP-SA

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\PGRP-SA

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Peptidoglycan recognition protein SA

Annotation Symbol

CG11709

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0030310

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

4 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

muramoyltetrapeptide carboxypeptidase (3.4.17.13)

Gene Summary

Peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA) encodes a secreted protein that mediates Toll pathway activation during bacterial infection. It binds to peptidoglycans and, together with the product of GNBP1, activates the serine protease encoded by modSP. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Pathway
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

seml, semmelweis

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

10C6-10C6

Sequence location

X:11,561,643..11,562,779 [+]

Recombination map

1-35

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:11561643..11562779

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)

Molecular Function (8 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables muramoyltetrapeptide carboxypeptidase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Chang et al., 2004)

enables muramyl dipeptide binding

inferred from direct assay

(Wang et al., 2006)

enables pattern recognition receptor activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Filipe et al., 2005)

enables peptidoglycan binding

inferred from direct assay

(Park et al., 2007, Mellroth et al., 2005, Mellroth et al., 2003, Werner et al., 2000)

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:GNBP1; FB:FBgn0040323

(Wang et al., 2006)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables peptidoglycan binding

non-traceable author statement

(Werner et al., 2000)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017331

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables peptidoglycan immune receptor activity

traceable author statement

(Steiner, 2004)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables zinc ion binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006619

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

NOT enables N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity

inferred from key residues

(Mellroth et al., 2003)

Biological Process (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:GNBP1; FB:FBgn0040323,FLYBASE:modSP; FB:FBgn0051217

(Buchon et al., 2009)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Dudzic et al., 2019)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:SPE; FB:FBgn0039102

(Jang et al., 2006)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:GNBP1; FB:FBgn0040323

(Gobert et al., 2003)

inferred from direct assay

(Michel et al., 2001)

involved_in positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Jang et al., 2006)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Park et al., 2007, Michel et al., 2001)

involved_in response to peptidoglycan

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wang et al., 2006)

involved_in Toll receptor ligand protein activation cascade

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:GNBP1; FB:FBgn0040323,FLYBASE:modSP; FB:FBgn0051217

(Buchon et al., 2009)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:grass; FB:FBgn0039494,FLYBASE:GNBP1; FB:FBgn0040323

(El Chamy et al., 2008)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:SPE; FB:FBgn0039102,FLYBASE:GNBP1; FB:FBgn0040323

(Jang et al., 2006)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Gobert et al., 2003)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in immune response

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in innate immune response

non-traceable author statement

(Werner et al., 2000)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017331

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in peptidoglycan catabolic process

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002502, InterPro:IPR006619, InterPro:IPR036505

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in extracellular region

inferred from direct assay

(Michel et al., 2001)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in extracellular space

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002475783

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

L,D-CARBOXYPEPTIDASES

SHORT PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEINS

UNCLASSIFIED PSEUDOENZYMES

Pathway (FlyBase)

EXTRACELLULAR SPATZLE ACTIVATING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. (Q9VYX7)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

muramoyltetrapeptide carboxypeptidase activity

N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-meso-2,6- diaminoheptanedioyl-D-alanine + H2O = N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-N- acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate + D-alanine (3.4.17.13)

RHEA 48688:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

L,D-CARBOXYPEPTIDASES -: L,D-carboxypeptidases cleave L,D-configured peptide bonds present in the subunits of peptidoglycan components found in the cell walls of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The presence of this enzymatic activity in a eukaryotic protein may therefore mediate a response to bacterial pathogens. (Adapted from FBrf0180474.)
SHORT PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEINS -: Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune response that bind peptidoglycans. Insect PGRPs can be divided into two groups based on transcript size: short PGRPs (PGRP-S) and long PGRPs (PGRP-L). PGRP-S have signal peptides and can be extracellular proteins. (Adapted from FBrf0223078).
UNCLASSIFIED PSEUDOENZYMES -: This group comprises pseudoenzymes that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.

Pathway (FlyBase)

EXTRACELLULAR SPATZLE ACTIVATING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -: In Drosophila, activation of the Toll pathway is controlled by the generation of a cleaved, active, Toll-binding form of spatzle ligand. Proteolytic activation of spatzle ligand lies downstream of several zymogen activation cascades that are initiated by different cues. In dorsal-ventral patterning, localized activation of spz results in ventral nuclear accumulation of dl. During viral and fungal and gram positive bacterial immune challenge, zymogen cascades are activated by extracellular pattern recognition receptors or virulence factor-mediated cleavage of the zymogen persephone (psh). (Adapted from FBrf0091014 and FBrf0223077).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Peptidoglycan-recognition protein that plays a key role in innate immunity by binding to peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria and activating the Toll pathway upstream of spz activating enzyme SPE (PubMed:11106397, PubMed:15448690, PubMed:16399077). Has no activity against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (PubMed:11742401). Shows some partial redundancy with PRPGP-SD in Gram-positive bacteria recognition (PubMed:11742401, PubMed:15448690). May act by forming a complex with GNBP1 that activates the proteolytic cleavage of Spatzle and the subsequent activation of Toll pathway (PubMed:11742401, PubMed:14684822, PubMed:14722090). Binds to diaminopimelic acid-type tetrapeptide PGN (DAP-type PGN) and lysine-type PGN (Lys-type PGN) (PubMed:15361936). Has some L,D-carboxypeptidase activity for DAP-type PGN, which are specific to prokaryotes, but not for Lys-type PGN (PubMed:15361936).

(UniProt, Q9VYX7)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\PGRP-SA for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VYX7)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

1S2J
1SXR

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

PGRP-SA-RA

FBtr0073509

NM_132499

1018

203

PGRP-SA-RB

FBtr0340296

NM_001298199

726

203

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

PGRP-SA-PA

FBpp0073358

22.3

203

7.11

FBpp0309257

22.3

203

7.11

Q9VYX7

NP_001285128

AHN59598

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

203 aa isoforms: PGRP-SA-PA, PGRP-SA-PB

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

1S2J
1SXR

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\PGRP-SA using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.22

Transcript Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in extracellular region

inferred from direct assay

(Michel et al., 2001)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\PGRP-SA in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\PGRP-SA

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\PGRP-SA

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

32099/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0030310

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0030310

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0030310

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG11709

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0030310

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of PGRP-SA

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of PGRP-SA

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(1)HA85

(Michel et al., 2001)

Gene not disrupted in

Df(1)N105

(Michel et al., 2001)

Inferred from location ( 16 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

PGRP-SA^GD1169

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

PGRP-SA^GD1169

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

PGRP-SA^GD1169

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

PGRP-SA^GD1169

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal immune response

abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

PGRP-SA^RNAi.UAS

abnormal immune response | adult stage

PGRP-SA^seml

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (4)

Hsap\PGLYRP1

10 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PGLYRP3

8 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PGLYRP4

7 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PGLYRP2

6 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)

Rnor\Pglyrp1

10 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Pglyrp3

9 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Pglyrp4

6 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Pglyrp2

5 of 14

Rnor\LOC685600

1 of 14

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)

Mmus\Pglyrp1

10 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Pglyrp3

7 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Pglyrp2

6 of 14

Mmus\Pglyrp4

6 of 14

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)

Xtro\pglyrp1-like.1

5 of 13

Yes

4 of 13

3 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)

Drer\pglyrp5

8 of 14

Yes

Drer\pglyrp2

7 of 14

Yes

Drer\pglyrp6

7 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)

Cele\mig-39

1 of 14

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (8)

Agam\PGRPS1

11 of 12

Yes

6 of 12

6 of 12

3 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:PGRP-SA. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (12)

9 of 13

8 of 13

7 of 13

7 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

4 of 13

3 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

PGLYRP1; peptidoglycan recognition protein 1

10 of 14

604963

PGLYRP3; peptidoglycan recognition protein 3

8 of 14

608197

PGLYRP4; peptidoglycan recognition protein 4

7 of 14

608198

PGLYRP2; peptidoglycan recognition protein 2

6 of 14

608199

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

PGRP-SA - GNBP1

surface plasmon resonance, cosedimentation, cosedimentation in solution, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

(Wang et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2006)

PGRP-SA - PGRP-SD

surface plasmon resonance, cosedimentation

(Wang et al., 2008)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0030310

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

32099

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

EXTRACELLULAR SPATZLE ACTIVATING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Toll and Imd signaling pathway

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-35

Cytogenetic map

10C6-10C6

Sequence location

X:11,561,643..11,562,779 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

10C6-10C6

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG32666^EP1452 and P{EP}Ptp10D^EP1172

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-35

(FlyBase, 2016)

1-36.5

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (4)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

58589

y¹ w^* Mi{MIC}PGRP-SA^MI13194

60037

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.HMC05030}attP40

55716

P{Dipt2.2-lacZ}1, P{Drs-GFP.JM804}1, y¹ w^* PGRP-SA^seml

VDRC

v5594

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD1169}v5594

Genomic Clones (13)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (9)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

AT30827

Other clones

DPiM_AT30827

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0030310

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0030310

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Wang et al., 2008)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

PGRP-SA functions upstream of spe, sphinx2, sphinx1, spheroide, grass, and spirit in the spz-Tl pathway.

(Kambris et al., 2006)

PGRP-SA binds to specific peptidoglycans and shows elicitor specificity for bacteria with a peptidoglycan strucuture contain a Lys in the third position of the crosslinking tetrapeptide.

(Mellroth et al., 2005)

PGRP-SA and GNBP1 act in a common pathway, upstream of spz, in raising an immune response to Gram-positive bacteria.

(Gobert et al., 2003)

Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

(McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

PGRP-SA has a role in activating Tl in Gram-positive bacterial infection.

(Michel et al., 2001)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: PGRP-SA BcDNA:AT30827

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Additional comments

Source for merge of PGRP-SA BcDNA:AT30827 was TrEMBL update ( date:020807 ).

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Source for identity of PGRP-SA CG11709 was sequence comparison ( date:001020 ).

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: PGRP-SA seml

(Royet et al., 2002)

Source for identity of: PGRP-SA CG11709

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

BcDNA:AT30827

CG11709

(Petersen et al., 2012, Perkins et al., 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Irving et al., 2001, McDonald and Rosbash, 2001, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20)

Dm PGRP-SA

(Waterhouse et al., 2007)

PGRP-SA

(Brutscher et al., 2025, Dillard et al., 2025, He et al., 2025, Kang et al., 2025, Qin et al., 2025, Rommelaere et al., 2025, Arias-Rojas et al., 2024, Davis et al., 2024, Fioriti et al., 2024, Huang et al., 2024, Li et al., 2024, Meyer et al., 2024, Nigg et al., 2024, Zhou et al., 2024, Gupta et al., 2023, Heigwer et al., 2023, Keith, 2023, Khan et al., 2023, Krejčová et al., 2023, Meng et al., 2023, Stączek et al., 2023, Wang et al., 2023, Xu et al., 2023, Bahuguna et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2022, Deshpande et al., 2022, Hultmark and Andó, 2022, Marshall and Dionne, 2022, Nayak and Mishra, 2022, Pavlidaki et al., 2022, Wang et al., 2022, Waring et al., 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Hall et al., 2021, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2021, Ågren et al., 2020, Alameh et al., 2020, Arora and Ligoxygakis, 2020, Benoit et al., 2020, Gilbert et al., 2020, Lu et al., 2020, Nishihara, 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Younes et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020, Dudzic et al., 2019, Hall et al., 2019, Sanuki et al., 2019, Troha et al., 2019, Vaz et al., 2019, Nie et al., 2018, Troha et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Patrnogic and Leclerc, 2017, Toggweiler et al., 2016, Katsuyama et al., 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Yamamoto-Hino et al., 2015, Arefin et al., 2014, Atilano et al., 2014, Bonnay et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Keebaugh and Schlenke, 2014, Kurata, 2014, Lindsay and Wasserman, 2014, Myllymäki et al., 2014, Panayidou et al., 2014, Péan and Dionne, 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Ferrandon, 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Kingsolver et al., 2013, Marianes and Spradling, 2013, Mbodj et al., 2013, Merkling and van Rij, 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Doroszuk et al., 2012, Eleftherianos and Castillo, 2012, Igboin et al., 2012, Kounatidis and Ligoxygakis, 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Atilano et al., 2011, Bou Aoun et al., 2011, Chtarbanova and Imler, 2011, Fullaondo et al., 2011, Gerbasi et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Nehme et al., 2011, Schmidt et al., 2011, Valanne et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2011, Yano and Kurata, 2011, Aymeric et al., 2010, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2010, Kurata, 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Buchon et al., 2009, Cronin et al., 2009, Geuking et al., 2009, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009, Davis et al., 2008, El Chamy et al., 2008, Gilchrist et al., 2008, Lee and Edery, 2008, Leone et al., 2008, Sathyanarayanan et al., 2008, Straub et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Wagner et al., 2008, Wang and Ligoxygakis, 2008, Wang et al., 2008, Zhou et al., 2008, Beckstead et al., 2007, Bidla et al., 2007, Muse et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Park et al., 2007, Pham et al., 2007, Quintin et al., 2007, Akira et al., 2006, Bischoff et al., 2006, Gottar et al., 2006, Jang et al., 2006, Kambris et al., 2006, Kambris et al., 2006, Pelte et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006, Filipe et al., 2005, Johansson et al., 2005, Bischoff et al., 2004, Reiser et al., 2004, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2004, Gobert et al., 2003, Jiggins and Hurst, 2003, Leulier et al., 2003, Mellroth et al., 2003, Christophides et al., 2002)

(Obbard et al., 2009)

SEMMELWEIS

(Govind and Nehm, 2004)

pgrp-SA

(Lindsey et al., 2025)

pgrp-sa

(Reed et al., 2015)

seml

(Tang et al., 2008, Garver et al., 2006, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Gobert et al., 2003, Gottar et al., 2002, Ligoxygakis, 2002, Royet et al., 2002, Kaisho and Akira, 2001, Michel et al., 2001)

Name Synonyms

PG Recognition Protein-SA

(Atilano et al., 2011)

PGRP-SA

(Castillo et al., 2015)

Peptidoglycan recognition protein SA

(Marcu et al., 2011)

Peptidoglycan recognition protein-SA

(Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009)

Peptidoglycan-recognition protein-SA precursor

(Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)

Protein semmelweis

(Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)

peptidoglycan recognition protein SA

(Wang et al., 2006)

semmelweis

(Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Hoffmann, 2003, Ligoxygakis, 2002, Kaisho and Akira, 2001, Michel et al., 2001)

semmelweiss

(Royet et al., 2002)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0061434
FBgn0064989

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 68 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

32099

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VYX7

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q9VYX7

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

X2JEI8

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VYX7

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

32099/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0030310

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0030310

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0030310

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG11709

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

32099

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

1S2J
1SXR

Linkouts

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0030310

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0030310

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0030310

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0030310

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0030310

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG11709

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0030310

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0030310

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC010611

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Toll and Imd signaling pathway

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

32099

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

References (219)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

0.22

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