FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\SdhC
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\SdhC
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Succinate dehydrogenase, subunit C
Annotation Symbol
CG6666
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0037873
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
succinate dehydrogenase (1.3.5.1)
Gene Summary
Succinate dehydrogenase, subunit C (SdhC) encodes a membrane-anchoring subunit of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase complex, also known as respiratory chain complex II. This complex catalyzes the sixth step of the of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by oxidizing succinate to fumarate and also transfers electrons to quinones as part of the electron transport chain. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-27] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Succinate dehydrogenase C, succinate dehydrogenase

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
86D7-86D8
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-50
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:11208887..11209849
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (10 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables electron transfer activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR014314, InterPro:IPR018495
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables protein-membrane adaptor activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:D0VWV4
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
contributes_to succinate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9CZB0
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in determination of adult lifespan
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tsuda et al., 2007)
involved_in mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tsuda et al., 2007)
involved_in response to oxidative stress
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tsuda et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000104658
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR014314, InterPro:IPR018495
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
traceable author statement
(Van Vranken et al., 2014)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR018495, InterPro:IPR034804
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
located_in mitochondrial inner membrane
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P33421
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
part_of respiratory chain complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
non-traceable author statement
(Porcelli et al., 2007, Tripoli et al., 2005)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000104658
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P33421
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
succinate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol (1.3.5.1)
RHEA 40523:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Succinate dehydrogenase, subunit C (SdhC) encodes a membrane-anchoring subunit of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase complex, also known as respiratory chain complex II. This complex catalyzes the sixth step of the of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by oxidizing succinate to fumarate and also transfers electrons to quinones as part of the electron transport chain. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-27]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX II (SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE) SUBUNITS -
The succinate dehydrogenase complex is unique in that it functions in both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC), wherein it is referred to as Complex II. It is a heterotetrameric protein complex that is anchored to the inner mitochondrial membrane by two integral membrane proteins, Sdh3 (SDHC) and Sdh4 (SDHD). This Sdh3/Sdh4 dimer binds the peripheral membrane protein Sdh2 (SDHB), which tethers the Sdh1 (SDHA) subunit to the complex. Sdh1 harbors a covalently bound FAD cofactor that is required for the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle. The two electrons that result from succinate oxidation are channeled through the three iron-sulfur clusters in Sdh2 to ubiquinone, which interacts with the complex via the Sdh3/Sdh4 membrane anchor, and thereby reduce it to ubiquinol as part of the ETC. (Adapted from PMID:24954416 and PMID:37490987.)
MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX II (SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE) -
Mitochondrial complex II/Succinate Dehydrogenase is a heterotetrameric protein complex anchored to the inner mitochondrial membrane via two integral membrane subunits. It functions both in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) by catalysing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate and then, via electron transfer, reducing ubiquinone to ubiquinol. (Adapted from PMID:24954416.)
Pathway (FlyBase)
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE -
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central metabolic process that occurs in mitochondria. It consists of a cyclic series of chemical reactions that harness high-energy electrons from nutrients to produce energy (ATP). Each turn of the TCA cycle oxidizes one acetyl-CoA to two CO2 molecules and yields one GTP or ATP and 6 electrons in the form of four reducing equivalents (three NADH and one FADH2). Then, these electron carriers transfer their electrons onto the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes to generate ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The TCA cycle intermediates can also be used as precursors for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and porphyrins and for gluconeogenesis. (Adapted from PMID:36581208).
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION -
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the coordinated transfer of electrons and protons leading to the production of ATP. The OXPHOS system is composed of five mitochondrial inner membrane complexes, Complexes I-IV comprise the electron respiratory chain and Complex V the ATP synthase. Complexes I and II oxidize the electron donors NADH and FADH2, respectively, derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the electrons are transferred to the electron carrier ubiquinone which shuttles them to Complex III. Cytochrome c transfers electrons between Complex III and the terminal complex in the respiratory chain, Complex IV. Complex IV catalyzes electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. Complex I, II and IV couple electron transfer to proton transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the inner membrane space. This generates a proton electrochemical gradient which is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by ATP synthase (Complex V). (Adapted from PMID:23356252 and PMID:11331900.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\SdhC for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VGS3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
SdhC-RA
FBtr0082372
NM_141790
656
171
SdhC-RB
FBtr0335221
NM_001275543
906
171
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
SdhC-PA
FBpp0081848
18.5
171
9.63
Q9VGS3
NP_650047
AAF54602
SdhC-PB
FBpp0307208
18.5
171
9.63
Q9VGS3
NP_001262472
AGB95854
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

171 aa isoforms: SdhC-PA, SdhC-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\SdhC using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.58

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\SdhC in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 2 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of SdhC
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of SdhC
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\SDHC
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
2  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Sdhc
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Sdhc
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\sdhc
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\bach1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\sdhc
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\mev-1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010672
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\SDH3-2
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\SDH3-1
3 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\SDH3
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\SHH3
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\sdh3
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\sdhC
3 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:SdhC. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
SdhCL
11 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C
    14 of 14
    602413
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE
    OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
    External Links
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-50
    Cytogenetic map
    86D7-86D8
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    86D7-86D8
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP3340EP3340 and P{PZ}tho1&P{PZ}l(3)0462905275
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-50

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-47.7

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (6)
    Genomic Clones (9)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (73)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: CG6666 BcDNA:RH04289

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Additional comments

          Source for merge of CG6666 BcDNA:RH04289 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: SdhC CG6666

          (Tsuda et al., 2007)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          BcDNA:RH04289
          C560
          (Caggese et al., 2006)
          CG6666
          (Curcio et al., 2024, Müller-Eigner et al., 2024, Ibaraki et al., 2021, Meadows, 2018.10.31, Çiçek et al., 2016, Choo et al., 2015, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Zhou et al., 2008, Porcelli et al., 2007, Caggese et al., 2006, Tripoli et al., 2005)
          RH04289p
          (Jaspers et al., 2012)
          SDH
          (Prasad and Muralidhara, 2014)
          SDH-C
          (Groen et al., 2022)
          SDHC
          (Xiu et al., 2025, Li et al., 2023, Ishii et al., 2011)
          SdhC
          (Curcio et al., 2024, Li et al., 2024, Meyer et al., 2024, Müller-Eigner et al., 2024, Salminen et al., 2024, François et al., 2023, Li et al., 2023, Nozawa et al., 2023, Ren et al., 2023, Ibaraki et al., 2021, Xu et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2019, Park et al., 2018, Vedelek et al., 2018, Mossman et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Choo et al., 2015, Luck et al., 2014, Porcelli and Marygold, 2014.9.16, Grönke et al., 2009)
          Sdhc
          (Parkhitko et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2019)
          sdhC
          (Ishii et al., 2025, Wong et al., 2020, Zhang et al., 2016, Ishii et al., 2013, Tsuda et al., 2007)
          Name Synonyms
          CG6666
          (Zhou et al., 2008)
          Succinate dehydrogenase C
          (Lemos et al., 2010)
          Succinate dehydrogenase Cytochrome B560
          (Porcelli et al., 2007)
          Succinate dehydrogenase Cytochrome B560 subunit
          (Tripoli et al., 2005)
          Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit
          (Caggese et al., 2006)
          Succinate dehydrogenase, subunit C
          (Porcelli and Marygold, 2014.9.16)
          succinate dehydrogenase
          (Park et al., 2018, Celotto et al., 2011)
          succinate dehydrogenase C
          (Tsuda et al., 2007)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0062969
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 50 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
          References (75)