FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\AttB
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\AttB
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Attacin-B
Annotation Symbol
CG18372
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0041581
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Gene Summary
Attacin-B (AttB) encodes an immune inducible peptide that shows homology to antibacterial peptides having activity against Gram-negative bacteria. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Attacin, Att, Attacin B1, AttB1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
51C1-51C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-72
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:14749223..14750165
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from expression pattern
(Dushay et al., 2000)
involved_in defense response to bacterium
inferred from expression pattern
(Gordon et al., 2008)
involved_in defense response to insect
inferred from expression pattern
(Tattikota et al., 2020)
involved_in humoral immune response
inferred from expression pattern
(Verleyen et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:AttA; FB:FBgn0012042
(Dushay et al., 2000)
involved_in defense response to bacterium
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005521
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
traceable author statement
(Dushay et al., 2000)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005520, InterPro:IPR005521
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the attacin/sarcotoxin-2 family. (Q9V751)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Attacin-B (AttB) encodes an immune inducible peptide that shows homology to antibacterial peptides having activity against Gram-negative bacteria. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ATTACINS -
Attacins are small (~180-220aa), glycine-rich proteins with antimicrobial activity. Attacins are predicted to form a β-barrel structure. All, with the exception of AttD, are secreted. (Adapted from FBrf0241672 and FBrf0261536.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Hemolymph antibacterial protein.
(UniProt, Q9V751)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\AttB for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9V751)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
AttB-RA
FBtr0087438
NM_079022
788
218
AttB-RB
FBtr0300942
NM_001169681
879
218
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
AttB-PA
FBpp0086568
22.6
218
10.83
E1JH67
NP_523746
AAF58214
AttB-PB
FBpp0290164
22.6
218
10.83
E1JH67
NP_001163152
ACZ94424
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

218 aa isoforms: AttB-PA, AttB-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

218 (aa)

(Dushay et al., 2000)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\AttB using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.51

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data

Reporter constructs were used to show that expression of AttB is bacterially induced.

(Dushay et al., 2000)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval hemolymph

Comment: infected with M. luteus and E. coli

peptides: QVLGGSLASNPAGGADAR

(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\AttB in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of AttB
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of AttB
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)Dro-AttAB-SK2
(Hanson et al., 2019)
Df(2R)Exel6284
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4da.PU
abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:AttB. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
AttA
4 of 13
AttC
3 of 13
AttD
2 of 13
DptA
1 of 13
DptB
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-72
    Cytogenetic map
    51C1-51C1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    51C1-51C1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}ttvk03617&P{EP}ttvEP765 and P{lacW}Rpn6k00103
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-72

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-76.4

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (6)
    Genomic Clones (26)
    cDNA Clones (82)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

          (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: AttB1 CG18372

          (Whitfield, 2000.9.20, FlyBase, 1996-)

          Source for merge of: AttB1 AttB2

          (Lazzaro and Clark, 2001)
          Additional comments

          Source for merge of AttB1 CG18372 was Swiss-Prot update ( date:001007 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (25)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          Att
          (Lin et al., 2020, Belmonte et al., 2019, Shen et al., 2016, Bond and Foley, 2009, Bergeret et al., 2008, Ryu et al., 2008, Gottar et al., 2002, Naitza et al., 2002, Takehana et al., 2002)
          Att B
          (An et al., 2012)
          AttB
          (Akagi et al., 2025, Akyaw et al., 2025, Bayar et al., 2025, Kang et al., 2025, Sheng et al., 2025, Shih et al., 2025, Yang et al., 2025, Balakireva et al., 2024, Chen et al., 2024, Fioriti et al., 2024, Isaacson et al., 2024, Meyer et al., 2024, Salminen et al., 2024, Vesala et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2024, Westlake et al., 2024, Bossen et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2023, Hsieh and Chiang, 2023, Huang et al., 2023, Lee et al., 2023, Muita and Baxter, 2023, Abe et al., 2022, Deshpande et al., 2022, Ding et al., 2022, Hodge et al., 2022, Shit et al., 2022, Vaibhvi et al., 2022, Wu and Yan, 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Ferguson et al., 2021, Kong et al., 2021, Yamashita et al., 2021, Delbare et al., 2020, Han et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020, Baenas and Wagner, 2019, Chen et al., 2019, Fowler et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Houtz et al., 2019, Kopp and Park, 2019, Maitra et al., 2019, Moskalev et al., 2019, Badinloo et al., 2018, Barajas-Azpeleta et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Mlih et al., 2018, Kenmoku et al., 2017, Odnokoz et al., 2017, Piegholdt et al., 2016, Chen et al., 2015, Dissel et al., 2015, Dissel et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Aparicio et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Telonis-Scott et al., 2013, Thimgan et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Petersen et al., 2012, Rynes et al., 2012, Sampson et al., 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Gerbasi et al., 2011, Karpac et al., 2011, Seong et al., 2011, Smith et al., 2011, Buchon et al., 2009, Feng et al., 2009, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Seugnet et al., 2009, Carrera et al., 2008, Gilchrist et al., 2008, Gordon et al., 2008, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Kleino et al., 2008, Curtis et al., 2007, Muse et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Waterhouse et al., 2007, Ramos et al., 2006, Zraly et al., 2006, Wertheim et al., 2005, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Stanyon et al., 2004)
          AttB1
          (Ramet et al., 2002)
          AttB2
          AttBn
          (Kurz and Ewbank, 2003)
          Attacin
          (Wang et al., 2024)
          Attacin B
          (Sciambra and Chtarbanova, 2021)
          Attacin-B
          (Yadav et al., 2017)
          Attb
          (Donlea et al., 2014)
          CG18372
          (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Herranz et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Douglas et al., 2011, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Carrera et al., 2008, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Valanne et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Lundgren et al., 2005, Wertheim et al., 2005, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Irving et al., 2001, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20, Whitfield, 2000.9.20)
          att
          (Guntermann et al., 2009, Georgel et al., 2001)
          att B1
          (Zsindely et al., 2009)
          attB
          (Zhang et al., 2020, Li et al., 2018, Fink et al., 2016, Douglas et al., 2011, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009)
          attB1
          (Wei et al., 2018)
          attacin b
          (Benoit et al., 2020)
          Name Synonyms
          Attacin
          (Chen et al., 2024, Eleftherianos and Heryanto, 2021, Marra et al., 2021, Iwashita et al., 2020, Castillo et al., 2015, Pragya et al., 2015, Furihata et al., 2013, Oh et al., 2013, Zhao et al., 2010, Costa et al., 2009, Bergeret et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Huh et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Lundgren et al., 2005, Zhou et al., 2005, Brennan and Anderson, 2004, Naitza et al., 2002, Ooi et al., 2002, Kimbrell and Beutler, 2001, Barillas-Mury et al., 2000, Martin-Blanco, 2000, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Govind, 1999)
          Attacin (B)
          (Li et al., 2020)
          Attacin B
          (Unckless and Lazzaro, 2016, Bandarra et al., 2015, An et al., 2012, Longworth et al., 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Ragab et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Kallio et al., 2010, Wiklund et al., 2009, Gordon et al., 2008, Kleino et al., 2008, Xi et al., 2008, Lai et al., 2007, Lazzaro et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Lazzaro and Clark, 2001)
          Attacin B1
          (Boutros et al., 2002, De Gregorio et al., 2002)
          Attacin-B
          (Ko et al., 2023, Schoberleitner et al., 2021, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Bost et al., 2018, Vasudevan et al., 2017, Bonnay et al., 2014, Thimgan et al., 2013, Felix et al., 2012, Paré et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Flatt et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Kim et al., 2007, Lazzaro and Clark, 2001)
          Attacin-B precursor
          (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
          AttacinB
          (Bandarra et al., 2015, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002)
          Attackin
          (Pletcher et al., 2002)
          attacin
          (Bjedov et al., 2020, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Shen et al., 2016, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Moule et al., 2010, Guntermann et al., 2009, Okado et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2009, Persson et al., 2007, Zelinger and Heifetz, 2006, Avet-Rochex et al., 2005, Delaney et al., 2005, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Steiner, 2004, Mellroth et al., 2003, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Delaney and Anderson, 2002, Delaney and Anderson, 2001, Georgel et al., 2001, Aderem and Ulevitch, 2000)
          attacin B
          (Lindsey et al., 2025, Badinloo et al., 2018, Douglas et al., 2011, Feng et al., 2009, Eldon et al., 2000, Lazzaro and Clark, 2000)
          attacin-B
          (Shiratsuchi et al., 2016)
          attacinB
          (El-Saadi et al., 2023, Koltun et al., 2017, Bandarra et al., 2015)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0033959
          • FBgn0041580
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 55 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (250)