Salmonella species, notably Salmonella enterica, are common food-borne pathogens. Salmonellosis is usually not a severe disease, however, several serotypes, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, cause more serious infections leading to typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is often abbreviated as Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) or Salmonella typhi. Most Drosophila models use S. typhimurium introduced by injection into the body cavity; this procedure is sometimes described as a septic injury model. Drosophila mutations that exacerbate or ameliorate infection phenotypes have been identified. Comparisons of wild-type S. typhimurium infection vs. a strain with a deletion of a bacterial secreted protein have been conducted in wild-type and mutant flies.
The bacterial gene Styp\AvrA, which encodes the secreted AvrA effector protein, has been introduced into flies. Expression of Styp\AvrA in flies has been shown to suppress apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK pathway, leading to the proposal that targeting JNK signaling to dampen apoptosis may be a conserved strategy for intracellular pathogens.
[updated May 2021 by FlyBase; FBrf0222196]
Salmonella is one of the most frequently isolated foodborne pathogens. It is a major worldwide public health concern, accounting for 93.8 million foodborne illnesses and 155,000 deaths per year (Eng et al., 2015; doi 10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243).
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through feces. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. Typically, people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Others develop diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within eight to 72 hours. Most healthy people recover within a few days without specific treatment (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329).
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in developed countries, bit it is still a serious health threat in the developing world, especially for children. Contaminated food and water or close contact with an infected person cause typhoid fever. In developing countries, where typhoid fever is established, most people become infected by drinking contaminated water. (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378661).
Enteric fever is a systemic disease characterized by fever and abdominal pain caused by dissemination of Salmonella Typhi (typhoid fever) or Salmonella Paratyphi type A, B, or C (paratyphoid fever). In contrast to other Salmonella serotypes, the etiologic agents of enteric fever have no known hosts other than humans (https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/enteric-fever/).
Moderate- to high-scoring ortholog of human MAPK14, MAPK11, MAPK13, MAPK12 (many to many: multiple orthologous genes in both species).
