FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Syb
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Syb
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Synaptobrevin
Annotation Symbol
CG12210
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003660
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
15 publicly available
Gene Summary
Synaptobrevin (Syb) encodes a member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) family, which mediates vesicle fusion. It is important for secretory granule maturation and for preventing early degradation of these granules. [Date last reviewed: 2023-01-26] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

VAMP, c-Syb, Complementation group J

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
46F8-46F8
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-62
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:10249435..10252417
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables SNARE binding
inferred from direct assay
(Bhattacharya et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables SNAP receptor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
non-traceable author statement
(Littleton et al., 1999)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Littleton, 2000)
enables syntaxin binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of vesicle fusion
inferred from direct assay
(Bhattacharya et al., 2002)
involved_in vesicle fusion
inferred from direct assay
(Bhattacharya et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in neurotransmitter secretion
non-traceable author statement
(Lloyd et al., 2000)
involved_in synaptic vesicle docking
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Littleton, 2000)
involved_in vesicle fusion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in vesicle-mediated transport
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001388
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
non-traceable author statement
(Lloyd et al., 2000)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Littleton, 2000)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001388
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in plasma membrane
non-traceable author statement
(Littleton et al., 1999)
part_of SNARE complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in synaptic vesicle
non-traceable author statement
(Lloyd et al., 2000)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Littleton, 2000)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the synaptobrevin family. (P18489)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Synaptobrevin (Syb) encodes a member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) family, which mediates vesicle fusion. It is important for secretory granule maturation and for preventing early degradation of these granules. [Date last reviewed: 2023-01-26]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
R-SNAREs -
R-SNAREs are members of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP) receptor) family that mediate vesicle-fusion. SNAREs are cytoplasmic, membrane-anchored proteins that contain a 60 amino acid SNARE domain. Three Q-SNAREs domains from the target membrane and one R-SNARE domain from the vesicle interact to form a four-helix bundle that pulls the two membranes in close proximity and promotes fusion. After fusion, the complexes are dissembled by NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) and SNAPs (Soluble NSF Attachment Proteins). R-SNAREs are named from their contribution of a conserved arginine (R) residue to the helix bundle. (Adapted from PMID:15893389 and FBrf0216182).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane.
(UniProt, P18489)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Syb: Synaptobrevin
Encodes a 20 kd polypeptide that is recognized by antibodies to rat synaptobrevin. Synaptobrevin is an intrinsic membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles from mammalian brain; it is highly homologous to Torpedo VAMP-1. Signal from Drosophila heads exceeds that from rat brain suggesting that it is an abundant protein in flies.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

non-neuronal synaptobrevin - SNARE protein - part of the cellular machinery required for the fusion of constitutive secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane - SNARE-mediated membrane trafficking is an important component of wing margin development - expressed in the gut and Malpighian tubules

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Syb for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P18489)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Syb-RA
FBtr0088362
NM_078956
852
129
Syb-RB
FBtr0088363
NM_165756
1139
132
Syb-RC
FBtr0273274
NM_001144161
921
152
Syb-RD
FBtr0273275
NM_001144162
1070
109
Syb-RE
FBtr0339455
NM_001299349
814
129
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

0.9, 0.85 (northern blot)

(Sudhof et al., 1989)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Syb-PA
FBpp0087450
14.1
129
7.56
H1UUB1
NP_523680
AAF58820
Syb-PB
FBpp0087451
14.9
132
5.90
NP_724906
AAM68777
Syb-PC
FBpp0271782
16.7
152
6.54
P18489
NP_001137633
ACL83087
Syb-PD
FBpp0271783
12.2
109
6.84
NP_001137634
ACL83088
Syb-PE
FBpp0308541
14.1
129
7.56
H1UUB1
NP_001286278
AHN56076
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

129 aa isoforms: Syb-PA, Syb-PE
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

152, 132 (aa)

(Chin et al., 1993)

152 (aa); 20 (kD observed); 16.585 (kD predicted)

(Sudhof et al., 1989)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Part of the SNARE core complex containing Snap25 and syntaxin.

(UniProt, P18489)
Post Translational Modification

Ubiquitinated by gzl, regulating endocytic trafficking (PubMed:23353890). In wing imaginal disks, ubiquitination by gzl promotes transcytosis of wingless (wg) to the basolateral surface (PubMed:26974662).

(UniProt, P18489)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Syb using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.24

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction
(Bronk et al., 2001)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Syb in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 10 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 19 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Syb
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Syb
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 13 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
cell lethal | recessive | somatic clone
lethal
lethal (with Df(2R)12)
lethal (with Df(2R)X1)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal developmental rate | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
abnormal neurophysiology | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
abnormal neurophysiology | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
increased size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
increased size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
some die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
eye | somatic clone
larval tracheal system
larval tracheal system | embryonic stage
larval tracheal system | somatic clone
nerve | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
nerve | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
ommatidium | somatic clone
tracheal lumen | embryonic stage
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (11)
Hsap\VAMP1
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\VAMP2
8 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\VAMP3
8 of 14
No
Yes
2  
Hsap\VAMP4
4 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\VAMP8
4 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\SEC22C
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\VAMP5
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\SEC22A
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\SEC22B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\VAMP7
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\YKT6
2 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (11)
Rnor\Vamp1
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Vamp2
8 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Vamp3
8 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Vamp4
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Vamp8
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Sec22a
3 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Vamp5
3 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Sec22b
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Sec22c
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Vamp7
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ykt6
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (13)
Mmus\Vamp1
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Vamp2
8 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Vamp3
8 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Vamp4
4 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Vamp8
4 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Sec22a
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Sec22c
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Vamp5
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Sec22b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Vamp9
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ykt6
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\E130112N10Rik
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Vamp7
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (11)
Xtro\vamp1
6 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\vamp3
5 of 13
No
No
Xtro\vamp2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\vamp4
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\vamp8
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\camk2g
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cpne3
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\dnah9
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sec22a
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sec22b
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ykt6
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (14)
Drer\vamp1a
8 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\vamp1b
8 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\vamp3
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\vamp2
7 of 14
No
No
Drer\vamp5
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\vamp8
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\si:ch73-234b20.5
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\vamp4
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\sec22a
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\sec22ba
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sec22c
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\sybl1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\sec22bb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ykt6
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (10)
Cele\snb-1
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\snb-2
5 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\snb-5
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\snb-6
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\snb-7
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\sec-22
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\vamp-7
2 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\vamp-8
2 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\ykt-6
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\F54C1.1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007721
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005507
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000392
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012717
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000009
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000700
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (21)
Atha\SAR1
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP721
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP723
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP724
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP725
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP726
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP727
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\VAMP728
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G52270
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\ATYKT62
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\SEC22
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\VAMP711
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\VAMP712
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\VAMP713
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\VAMP714
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\YKT61
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G33475
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G10170
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G27840
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G05570
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G52990
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (5)
Scer\SNC1
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\SNC2
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\NYV1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\SEC22
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\YKT6
2 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
Spom\syb1
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\sec22
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\ykt6
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Syb. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
nSyb
9 of 13
Sec22
3 of 13
Vamp7
3 of 13
Ykt6
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    VAMP1; vesicle associated membrane protein 1
    model of  spastic ataxia 1
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    VAMP1; vesicle associated membrane protein 1
    10 of 14
    185880
     
    VAMP2; vesicle associated membrane protein 2
    8 of 14
    185881
       
      VAMP3; vesicle associated membrane protein 3
      8 of 14
      603657
           
          VAMP4; vesicle associated membrane protein 4
          4 of 14
          606909
              VAMP8; vesicle associated membrane protein 8
              4 of 14
              603177
                  SEC22C; SEC22 homolog C, vesicle trafficking protein
                  3 of 14
                  604028
                      VAMP5; vesicle associated membrane protein 5
                      3 of 14
                      607029
                          Functional Complementation Data
                          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                          Interactions
                          Summary of Physical Interactions
                          Interaction Browsers
                          View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                          Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
                          protein-protein
                          Physical Interaction
                          Assay
                          References
                          Syb - ATPsynCF6
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Bet1
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG12012
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG14767
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG15098
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG3164
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG5447
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG7133
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - CG7668
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Flo2
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Frl
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Gos28
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - HSPC300
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Hsap\APOL1
                          anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                          (Lee et al., 2023)
                          Syb - Membrin
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Men
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Pvr
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Rab4
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Rdh1
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Rme-8
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Sec20
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Sec22
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Slh
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Snap24
                          comigration in sds page, western blot, experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Niemeyer and Schwarz, 2000)
                          Syb - Snap25
                          comigration in sds page, western blot, experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Niemeyer and Schwarz, 2000)
                          Syb - Snap29
                          experimental knowledge based, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
                          (Morelli et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx13
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx16
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx1A
                          comigration in sds page, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, experimental knowledge based
                          (Gordon et al., 2017, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Niemeyer and Schwarz, 2000)
                          Syb - Syx4
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx5
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx6
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx7
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Syx8
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Teh1
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Tmep
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Use1
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Vamp7
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Vti1a
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - Ykt6
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - dos
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - fax
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - grh
                          anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
                          (Rhee et al., 2014)
                          Syb - hbs
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - koko
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - mib2
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - porin
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - sax
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - sty
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - αSnap
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Syb - γSnap1
                          experimental knowledge based
                          (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
                          Summary of Genetic Interactions
                          Interaction Browsers
                          View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                          Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                          Starting gene(s)
                          Interaction type
                          Interacting gene(s)
                          Reference
                          Syb
                          suppressible
                          nSyb
                          (Bhattacharya et al., 2002)
                          Starting gene(s)
                          Interaction type
                          Interacting gene(s)
                          Reference
                          gzl
                          suppressible
                          Syb
                          (Yamazaki et al., 2013)
                          Nsf2
                          enhanceable
                          Syb
                          (Stewart et al., 2001)
                          nSyb
                          suppressible
                          Syb
                          (Bhattacharya et al., 2002)
                          External Data
                          Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                          Part of the SNARE core complex containing Snap25 and syntaxin.
                          (UniProt, P18489 )
                          Linkouts
                          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                          Pathways
                          Class of Gene
                          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                          Chromosome (arm)
                          2R
                          Recombination map
                          2-62
                          Cytogenetic map
                          46F8-46F8
                          Sequence location
                          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                          Cytogenetic map
                          Evidence for location
                          46F8-46F8
                          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Hr46k10308 and P{PZ}lola00349&P{EP}lolaEP952
                          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                          Cytogenetic map
                          Notes
                          References
                          47A-47B
                          (Lloyd et al., 2000)
                          46F9-46F10
                          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                          (Spradling et al., 1999)
                          46C8-46F6
                          (Goldstein et al., 1993)
                          46F5-46F6
                          46F9--10
                          (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
                          46E-46F
                          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                          (Sudhof et al., 1989)
                          Complementation data from unspecified deficiency chromosomes.
                          (Goldstein et al., 1993)
                          Determined by comparing Celera genomic sequence with sequence from BDGP BAC and P1 clones.
                          (Lloyd et al., 2000)
                          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                          Location

                          2-62

                          (FlyBase, 2016)

                          2-60.7

                          (Comeron et al., 2012)
                          Left of (cM)
                          Right of (cM)
                          Notes
                          Stocks and Reagents
                          Stocks (15)
                          Genomic Clones (3)
                           

                          Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                          cDNA Clones (49)
                           

                          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                          BDGP DGC clones
                          Other clones
                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                          BDGP DGC clones
                          Other clones
                          RNAi and Array Information
                          Linkouts
                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                          Antibody Information
                          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                           

                          polyclonal

                          (Gordon et al., 2017)

                          monoclonal

                          (Sudhof et al., 1989)
                          Commercially Available Antibodies
                           
                          Cell Line Information
                          Publicly Available Cell Lines
                           
                            Other Stable Cell Lines
                             
                              Other Comments

                              The Syb gene product is essential for transmission and is required for calcium-dependent vesicle fusion.

                              (Broadie, 1995)

                              Syb gene comprises 5 exons, alternative splicing generates 2 transcripts, the ratio of these transcripts is highly regulated during development. Syb expression pattern suggests Syb may have a general role in membrane trafficking and perhaps a role in the secretion of digestive enzymes.

                              (Chin et al., 1993)

                              Complementation group identified in an EMS and DEB screen to isolate deficiencies that uncover Jra.

                              (Goldstein et al., 1993)

                              Initial characterisation of the Syb gene function reveals that overexpression of a cytosolic form of Syb is lethal.

                              (Chin et al., 1991)

                              Identification: First isolated from a Drosophila cDNA library using a bovine cDNA probe.

                              Encodes a 20kD polypeptide that is recognized by antibodies to rat synaptobrevin.

                              Relationship to Other Genes
                              Source for database merge of

                              Source for merge of: Syb l(2)46El

                              (Goldstein et al., 2001)

                              Source for merge of: Syb l(2)46CFq

                              (Goldstein, 2004.3.15)
                              Additional comments
                              Nomenclature History
                              Source for database identify of
                              Nomenclature comments
                              Etymology
                              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
                              Reported As
                              Symbol Synonym
                              21.15
                              (Currie and Sullivan, 1994)
                              CG12210
                              (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Hosono et al., 2015, Cammarato et al., 2011, Khanna et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Strub et al., 2008, Stuart et al., 2007, Verstreken and Bellen, 2000.9.4)
                              END1-2
                              (Lebreton et al., 2014)
                              J
                              (Carney et al., 1997)
                              SYB
                              (Singh et al., 2010, Mohrmann et al., 2008)
                              Syb
                              (Ochi et al., 2024, Huang et al., 2023, Lee et al., 2023, Olivares et al., 2023, Cabana and Lussier, 2022, Okuda et al., 2022, Landayan et al., 2021, Alpert et al., 2020, Cachero et al., 2020, Fujii et al., 2020, Linnemannstöns et al., 2020, Warecki et al., 2020, Raza et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Gordon et al., 2017, Kreko-Pierce and Eaton, 2017, Yoon et al., 2017, Bradley et al., 2015, Yamanaka et al., 2015, DeSalvo et al., 2014, Morelli et al., 2014, Chintapalli et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Yamazaki et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Koles et al., 2012, Tokusumi et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mastushita-Sakai et al., 2010, Otte et al., 2009, Tan et al., 2009, Kloepper et al., 2008, Ly et al., 2008, Strub et al., 2008, Christensen and Cook, 2007.5.8, Lai et al., 2007, Stuart et al., 2007, Li et al., 2003)
                              VAMP
                              (Harris and Littleton, 2015, Megighian et al., 2013, Darya et al., 2009, Chamberlain and Burgoyne, 2000, Nichols and Pelham, 1998)
                              VAMP2
                              (Singh et al., 2010)
                              Vamp
                              (Chin et al., 1991)
                              c-Syb
                              (Sauvola and Littleton, 2021, Littleton, 2000)
                              dVAMP
                              (Yamazaki et al., 2013)
                              l(2)46CFq
                              l(2)46El
                              n-syb
                              (Crava et al., 2020)
                              syb
                              (González-Méndez et al., 2020, Huang et al., 2019, Yamazaki et al., 2016, Loedige et al., 2015, Karuppudurai et al., 2014, Ben Rokia-Mille et al., 2008, Kloepper et al., 2008, Tinette et al., 2007, Cherry and Perrimon, 2004, Bhattacharya et al., 2002, Smith, 2001, Verstreken and Bellen, 2001, Prokop, 1999, McCabe et al., 1998, McCabe et al., 1997, McCabe et al., 1997, McCabe et al., 1996, Bate and Broadie, 1995, Parfitt et al., 1995, Sweeney et al., 1995, Sweeney et al., 1995, Chin et al., 1993)
                              synaptobrevin
                              (Megighian et al., 2013)
                              Name Synonyms
                              Complementation group J
                              (Goldstein et al., 2001, Carney et al., 1997)
                              Synaptobrevin
                              (Ni, 2021, Quiñones-Frías and Littleton, 2021, Siddiqui et al., 2012, Cammarato et al., 2011, Khanna et al., 2010, Mastushita-Sakai et al., 2010, Singh et al., 2010, Larsen et al., 2009, Otte et al., 2009, Strub et al., 2008)
                              VAMP3
                              (Yamazaki et al., 2013)
                              Vesicle-associated membrane protein
                              synaptobrevin
                              (Bittern et al., 2021, Arnés et al., 2020, Cachero et al., 2020, Harris and Littleton, 2015, Bykhovskaia et al., 2013, Megighian et al., 2013, Koles et al., 2012, Johard et al., 2009, Leiss et al., 2009, Zlatic et al., 2009, Ben Rokia-Mille et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2008, Tinette et al., 2007, Chang et al., 2006, Cherry and Perrimon, 2004, Ghabrial et al., 2003, Toonen and Verhage, 2003, Kavalali, 2002, Stewart, 2002, Verstreken and Bellen, 2002, Yoshihara and Littleton, 2002, Goldstein et al., 1998)
                              Secondary FlyBase IDs
                              • FBgn0005620
                              • FBgn0019711
                              • FBgn0023032
                              Datasets (0)
                              Study focus (0)
                              Experimental Role
                              Project
                              Project Type
                              Title
                              Study result (0)
                              Result
                              Result Type
                              Title
                              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 70 )
                              Sequence Crossreferences
                              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                              UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                              Other crossreferences
                              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                              BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                              Linkouts
                              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                              FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                              Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                              Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                              References (184)