FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\nSyb
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\nSyb
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
neuronal Synaptobrevin
Annotation Symbol
CG17248
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0013342
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
neuronal Synaptobrevin (nSyb) encodes a SNAP receptor involved in vesicle fusion. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

n-syb, n-synaptobrevin, synaptobrevin, syb

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-0.5
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:1630348..1637752
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
non-traceable author statement
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in synaptic signaling
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in vesicle fusion
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
non-traceable author statement
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
involved_in vesicle fusion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001388
non-traceable author statement
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
Cellular Component (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with presynaptic active zone
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in synapse
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with synaptic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
located_in synaptic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
located_in terminal bouton
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001388
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
located_in plasma membrane
non-traceable author statement
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005236497
located_in synaptic vesicle
non-traceable author statement
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the synaptobrevin family. (Q9W0C1)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
neuronal Synaptobrevin (nSyb) encodes a SNAP receptor involved in vesicle fusion. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
R-SNAREs -
R-SNAREs are members of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP) receptor) family that mediate vesicle-fusion. SNAREs are cytoplasmic, membrane-anchored proteins that contain a 60 amino acid SNARE domain. Three Q-SNAREs domains from the target membrane and one R-SNARE domain from the vesicle interact to form a four-helix bundle that pulls the two membranes in close proximity and promotes fusion. After fusion, the complexes are dissembled by NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) and SNAPs (Soluble NSF Attachment Proteins). R-SNAREs are named from their contribution of a conserved arginine (R) residue to the helix bundle. (Adapted from PMID:15893389 and FBrf0216182).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane (PubMed:12364587, PubMed:22270918). Major SNARE protein of synaptic vesicles which mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters (PubMed:12364587, PubMed:9482790). Essential for fast vesicular exocytosis and activity-dependent neurotransmitter release as well as fast endocytosis that mediates rapid reuse of synaptic vesicles (PubMed:12364587). Also involved in a neuron-specific sort-and-degrade mechanism that promotes endolysosomal degradation and is required for neuronal maintenance (PubMed:22270918).
(UniProt, Q9W0C1)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

a v-SNARE - a vesicular protein that plays a key role during synaptic vesicle exocytosis - involved in a neuron-specific sort-and-degrade mechanism that protects neurons from degeneration

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
8
Number of Unique Polypeptides
5

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\nSyb for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W0C1)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0072815
1387
183
FBtr0072819
1460
192
FBtr0300893
1109
183
FBtr0300894
3027
192
FBtr0302310
1277
135
FBtr0306578
3570
135
FBtr0331461
3411
206
FBtr0331462
3378
125
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.2, 3.0 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0072697
18.8
183
4.47
FBpp0089251
19.8
192
4.79
FBpp0290115
18.8
183
4.47
FBpp0290116
19.8
192
4.79
FBpp0291516
14.6
135
4.98
FBpp0297533
14.6
135
4.98
FBpp0303878
22.0
206
4.72
FBpp0303879
13.4
125
4.64
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

192 aa isoforms: nSyb-PE, nSyb-PG
183 aa isoforms: nSyb-PA, nSyb-PF
135 aa isoforms: nSyb-PH, nSyb-PI
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

22 (kD observed)

Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Part of the SNARE core complex containing Snap25 and syntaxin.

(UniProt, Q9W0C1)
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\nSyb using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.72

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

n-syb transcripts are first detected in 9-12hr embryos on northern blots and are detected at all subsequent stages tested. The two transcripts are present in roughly equal amounts until adulthood at which point the 3.0kb transcript predominates. n-syb transcripts are more abundant in adult head than body.

n-syb transcripts are first detected in embryos at stage 13 and are restricted to the nervous system. They become quite abundant in both the central and peripheral nervous sytems. In adults, transcripts are detected in the cell bodies of the visual system, in the central brain and in the thoracic ganglia.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

n-syb protein staining is strong in the ventral nerve cord in embryos and is faint in axon commissures and segmental and intersegmental nerves. Staining is also apparent at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). It is concentrated in the synaptic zones at the NMJ.

n-syb protein is largely restricted to the presynaptic boutons in larval neuromuscular junctions. Low levels of expression are seen in the motor axons.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with presynaptic active zone
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in synapse
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with synaptic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
located_in synaptic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
located_in terminal bouton
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{GMR57C10-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{nSyb-GAL4.S}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{nSyb-GAL4.U}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{nSyb-GAL4.W}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{nSyb-GS.B}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{nSyb-QF2.P}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{nSyb-QF2w.P}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\nSyb in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 12 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 52 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of nSyb
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of nSyb
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
synaptic vesicle & eye photoreceptor cell | somatic clone
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (10)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
9 of 14
No
No
1  
7 of 14
No
No
2  
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (10)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
7 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (13)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
8 of 14
No
No
7 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (10)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
6 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (12)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
8 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (10)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
9 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (21)
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (5)
7 of 13
Yes
No
7 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
7 of 12
Yes
No
2 of 12
No
No
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:nSyb. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
9 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Part of the SNARE core complex containing Snap25 and syntaxin.
(UniProt, Q9W0C1 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3L
Recombination map
3-0.5
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
62A9-62A9
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}rhoEP3704&P{PZ}l(3)0622606226 and P{PZ}dlt04276
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Determined by comparing Celera genomic sequence with sequence from BDGP BAC and P1 clones.
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (93)
Genomic Clones (22)
cDNA Clones (138)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      Scer\GAL4-mediated expression of an n-syb C-terminal Avic\GFP fusion marks synaptic vesicles in vivo.

      The Syx1A and n-syb proteins function downstream of vesicle docking.

      Ctet\TeTxLC expressed in transgenic flies cleaves n-syb and abolishes synaptic transmission at a defined neuromuscular junction.

      n-syb and Csp proteins are targetted to synaptic vesicles.

      Evolutionary conservation of both structure and localisation suggests that n-syb, Rab3 and syt have an important function in the life cycle of the synaptic vesicle.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: n-Syb n-syb

      Source for identity of: nSyb n-syb

      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (33)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      Syb62A
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 58 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (398)