FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Gclc
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gclc
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
Annotation Symbol
CG2259
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0040319
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
13 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
glutamate--cysteine ligase (6.3.2.2)
Gene Summary
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) encodes the catalytic subunit of the glutamate-cysteine ligase complex that catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-glutamate and L-cysteine to form gamma-glutamylcysteine, the first rate-limiting step of glutathione synthesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

GCL, DmGCLC

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
7D6-7D6
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-22
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:8102181..8116147
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009, Fraser et al., 2002)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Gclm; FB:FBgn0046114
(Fraser et al., 2003, Fraser et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables catalytic activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR014746
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000126115
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004308
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P48506
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mercer et al., 2016)
involved_in glutathione biosynthetic process
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009, Fraser et al., 2002)
inferred from genetic interaction with SGD:S000003637
(Saunders and McLellan, 2000)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mercer et al., 2016)
involved_in response to copper ion
inferred from direct assay
(Mercer et al., 2016)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:ATP7; FB:FBgn0030343
(Mercer et al., 2016)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ctr1A; FB:FBgn0062413
(Mercer et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in glutathione biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000126115
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004308
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000003637
(Saunders and McLellan, 2000)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009)
part_of glutamate-cysteine ligase complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Gclm; FB:FBgn0046114
(Fraser et al., 2002)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009)
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of glutamate-cysteine ligase complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000126117
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the glutamate--cysteine ligase type 3 family. (Q9W3K5)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
glutamate-cysteine ligase activity
L-cysteine + L-glutamate + ATP = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ADP + phosphate + H(+) (6.3.2.2)
RHEA 13285:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) encodes the catalytic subunit of the glutamate-cysteine ligase complex that catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-glutamate and L-cysteine to form gamma-glutamylcysteine, the first rate-limiting step of glutathione synthesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ACID-AMINO ACID LIGASES -
Acid-amino acid ligases catalyze the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE COMPLEX -
The glutamate-cysteine ligase complex is a cytoplasmic heterodimer comprising a catalytic and modifier/regulatory subunit. It plays an important role in regulating glutathione homeostasis by catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step in de novo synthesis of glutathione from precursor amino acids. (Adapted from FBrf0141591 and FBrf0167749.)
Pathway (FlyBase)
GLUTHATIONE BIOSYNTHESIS -
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide synthesized in the cytosol from precursor amino acids, L-glutamate, L-cysteine and glycine through two ATP-dependent steps catalyzed by the glutamate-cysteine ligase complex (comprising Gclc and Gclm) and glutathione synthases (Gss1 or Gss2). GSH can be transported to mitochondria and the ER, secreted, and is also found in the nucleus. GSH acts as an antioxidant and is involved in the regulation of cellular redox signaling (protein S-glutathionylation) and in xenobiotic detoxification. (Adapted from PMID:22995213.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-glutamate and L-cysteine and participates in the first and rate-limiting step in glutathione biosynthesis.
(UniProt, Q9W3K5)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gclc for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W3K5)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gclc-RA
FBtr0071107
NM_080266
3426
717
Gclc-RB
FBtr0071108
NM_206650
3145
717
Gclc-RC
FBtr0340138
NM_001298072
4238
717
Gclc-RD
FBtr0340139
NM_001298073
3231
717
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gclc-PA
FBpp0071063
80.7
717
6.04
Q9W3K5
NP_525005
AAF46321
Gclc-PB
FBpp0089361
80.7
717
6.04
Q9W3K5
NP_996373
AAS65282
Gclc-PC
FBpp0309124
80.7
717
6.04
Q9W3K5
NP_001285001
AHN59472
Gclc-PD
FBpp0309125
80.7
717
6.04
Q9W3K5
NP_001285002
AHN59473
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

717 aa isoforms: Gclc-PA, Gclc-PB, Gclc-PC, Gclc-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gclc using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.43

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
posterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009)
part_of glutamate-cysteine ligase complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Gclm; FB:FBgn0046114
(Fraser et al., 2002)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009)
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Radyuk et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gclc in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 11-12
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gclc
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gclc
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\GCLC
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
2  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Gclc
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Gclc
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\gclc
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\endoul
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\gclc
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\gcs-1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001512
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\GSH1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\gcs1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Gclc. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    GCLC; glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
    13 of 14
    606857
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Gclc - Gclm
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Gclc
    enhanceable
    ATP7
    (Mercer et al., 2016)
    Gclc
    enhanceable
    Ctr1A
    (Mercer et al., 2016)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    GLUTHATIONE BIOSYNTHESIS
    External Links
    FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    X
    Recombination map
    1-22
    Cytogenetic map
    7D6-7D6
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    7D6-7D6
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Ubc-E2HEP1303 and P{EP}CG1583EP1516&P{EP}CG1583EP325
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    7D6-7D9
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Saunders and McLellan, 2000)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    1-22

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    1-22.3

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (13)
    Genomic Clones (29)
    cDNA Clones (26)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
      Other Comments
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: Gcs CG2259

      (FlyBase, 1996-)
      Additional comments

      D.melanogaster Gclc restores viability in S.cerevisiae Scer\GSH1 mutants. Glutathione levels are elevated in the rescued strain, but are not restored to wild-type levels.

      (Saunders and McLellan, 2000)

      Source for merge of Gcs CG2259 was sequence comparison ( date:000504 ).

      (FlyBase, 1996-)
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of
      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (23)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      2259
      (Ravi et al., 2009)
      CG2259
      (Kim et al., 2021, Lin et al., 2018, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Lai et al., 2007)
      DmGCLC
      (Fraser et al., 2003, Fraser et al., 2002, Fraser et al., 2002)
      DmGCS
      (Saunders and McLellan, 2000)
      DmGCSh
      (Saunders et al., 2001)
      GCL
      (Dai et al., 2023, Zhang et al., 2022, Tountas and Fortini, 2007, Toroser et al., 2006)
      GCLC
      (Yi et al., 2021, Zatsepina et al., 2020, López Del Amo et al., 2015)
      GCLc
      (Parkhitko et al., 2020, Omelyanchuk et al., 2015, Mockett and Nobles, 2013, Radyuk et al., 2012, Radyuk et al., 2009, Ravi et al., 2009, Orr and Luchak, 2006, Orr et al., 2005)
      GCSh
      (Saunders, 2002.6.13)
      GclC
      (Wang et al., 2019, Lashmanova et al., 2017, Lashmanova et al., 2015)
      Gclc
      (Chen et al., 2024, Everman and Macdonald, 2024, Li et al., 2024, Tsuji et al., 2024, Floc'hlay et al., 2023, Zhang et al., 2023, Fasae and Abolaji, 2022, Marcogliese et al., 2022, Wang et al., 2022, Marr and Potter, 2021, McLaughlin et al., 2021, Shaposhnikov et al., 2021, De Nobrega and Lyons, 2020, Gunderson et al., 2020, Parniewska and Stocker, 2020, Moskalev et al., 2019, Nash et al., 2019, Rand et al., 2019, Giebultowicz, 2018, Stapper and Jahn, 2018, Tan et al., 2018, Enya et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Mercer et al., 2016, Moskalev et al., 2016, Calap-Quintana et al., 2015, Klichko et al., 2015, Luck et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Terriente-Felix et al., 2013, Gurudatta et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Hochmuth et al., 2011, Cirelli et al., 2005)
      Gcs
      Gcsh
      gclC
      (Wang et al., 2025, Cheng et al., 2021)
      gclc
      (Lindsey et al., 2025, Chaouhan et al., 2021, Sheng et al., 2021, Ma et al., 2020, Saini et al., 2020, Zhang et al., 2019, Figueira et al., 2017, Pandey et al., 2014, Rahman et al., 2013)
      mTOR
      (Wang et al., 2022)
      Name Synonyms
      Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
      (Mercer et al., 2016, Saunders, 2002.6.13)
      catalytic subunit of glutamate- cysteine ligase
      (Mockett and Nobles, 2013)
      glutamate cysteine ligase
      (Ravi et al., 2009)
      glutamate-cysteine ligase
      (Cirelli et al., 2005)
      γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase
      (Saunders and McLellan, 2000)
      γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit
      γ-glutamylcysteine ligase
      (Toroser et al., 2006)
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0029998
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 61 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      References (122)