FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\shi[2]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\shi²

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0015611

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\shi

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

shi^ts2, shibire^ts2, shi^2ts

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

(Kim and Wu, 1990)

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

Amino acid replacement: G141S.

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

Nucleotide substitution G to A, resulting in the amino acid replacement: Gly to Ser.

(van der Bliek and Meyerowitz, 1991)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

point_mutation

X:15,895,035..15,895,035 [+]

Nucleotide change:

G15895035A

Reported nucleotide change:

G?A

Amino acid change:

Reported amino acid change:

G141S

Reported amino acid change:

G?S

Comment:

Site of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase based on reported amino acid change.

Comment:

Site of mutation reported relative to shi aa sequence.

(Narayanan et al., 2005, van der Bliek and Meyerowitz, 1991)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Interaction

References

ameliorates epilepsy

modeled by jus^iso7.8

(Kroll et al., 2015)

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal mitotic cell cycle | heat sensitive

(Rikhy et al., 2015)

abnormal neurophysiology (with Df(1)sd72b)

(Kroll et al., 2015)

abnormal neurophysiology | heat sensitive

(Stimson et al., 2001, Delgado et al., 2000)

abnormal neurophysiology | wandering third instar larval stage | heat sensitive

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

paralytic | adult stage | heat sensitive

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

paralytic | heat sensitive

(Aby et al., 2013, Rikhy et al., 2003, Stimson et al., 2001, Narayanan et al., 2000, Grant et al., 1998, Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 1997, Krishnan et al., 1996, Chen and Stark, 1993, Ramaswami et al., 1993)

paralytic | recessive | heat sensitive

(Kim and Wu, 1990)

paralytic | temperature conditional

(Krishnan et al., 2001)

partially lethal (with Df(1)sd72b)

(Kroll et al., 2015)

uncoordinated

(Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 1997)

visible | heat sensitive

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

Phenotype Manifest In

abdominal 2 ventral longitudinal muscle & larval somatic muscle | conditional ts

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

actin filament & spermatid | conditional ts

(Ghosh-Roy et al., 2005)

actomyosin contractile ring | heat sensitive

(Rikhy et al., 2015)

basiconic sensillum of antennal segment 3

(Reddy et al., 1997)

coeloconic sensillum of antennal segment 3

(Reddy et al., 1997)

dorsal row of wing sensilla | heat sensitive

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

larval somatic muscle & presynaptic membrane | conditional ts

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

larval somatic muscle & synaptic vesicle | conditional ts

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

larval tracheal system

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

larval tracheal system | heat sensitive

(Hsouna et al., 2010)

macrochaeta & thorax | conditional ts

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

macrochaeta | ectopic

(Reddy et al., 1997)

mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta

(Reddy et al., 1997)

microchaeta & thorax | conditional ts

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

mitotic spindle | heat sensitive

(Rikhy et al., 2015)

neuromuscular junction | heat sensitive

(Stimson et al., 2001)

neuron | ectopic

(Reddy et al., 1997)

ommatidium | heat sensitive

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

plasma membrane | heat sensitive

(Rikhy et al., 2015)

presumptive embryonic salivary gland | heat sensitive

(Pirraglia et al., 2006)

sensory mother cell

(Reddy et al., 1997)

sensory mother cell | ectopic

(Reddy et al., 1997)

tormogen cell

(Reddy et al., 1997)

trichogen cell

(Reddy et al., 1997)

trichoid sensillum of antennal segment 3

(Reddy et al., 1997)

ventral row of wing sensilla | heat sensitive

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

wing & macrochaeta

(Reddy et al., 1997)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

shi²/Df(1)sd72b mutants are partially lethal. Surviving adults do not exhibit seizure activity at any voltage range of high frequency stimulation in the brain, unlike wild type.

(Kroll et al., 2015)

When shi² embryos are fixed at the restrictive temperature, metaphase actin rings are often incompletely formed and some rings surround more than one condensed mass of DNA. Approximately 25% of metaphase furrows in shi² embryos are lost at the restrictive temperature in patches across each embryo, and those furrows present surround many DNA elements, unlike in controls. These two phenotypes overlap: regions of embryos lacking actin rings also lack plasma membrane furrows. Incidences of abnormal tripolar spindles are also seen in temperature-restricted shi² embryos relative to wild-type embryos.

Temperature-restricted shi² embryos in interphase both disrupts plasma membrane polarity and leads to loss of plasma membrane compartmentalization across the embryo.

(Rikhy et al., 2015)

Abnormal sprouting of filopodium-like projections can be seen in some tracheal cells in mutant embryos at the restrictive temperature. Tracheal cells of mutants at the restrictive temperature show moderate ectopic migration defects in 72% of embryos, and show severe ectopic migration defects in 19% of embryos. Mutant embryos at the restrictive temperature have tracheal lumen defects, with ectopic, tortuous tracheal branches.

(Hsouna et al., 2010)

Homozygous embryos raised at the restrictive temperature for 7 hours (after 7 hours of development at 25[o]C) show ectopic branching in the tracheal network.

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

At 25[o]C, shi² embryos show normal salivary gland development. However, if shi² embryos are shifted to the restrictive temperature of 30[o]C, then embryos are seen in which the salivary gland either fails to turn posteriorly or does not complete its posterior migration.

(Pirraglia et al., 2006)

Shifting 2-day-old shi² adults to 29^oC for 11 hours results in a reduction of F-actin density in the investment cones of spermatid individualization complexes. A 16 hour heat pulse results in actin density being undetectable in these cones.

(Ghosh-Roy et al., 2005)

After 2 minutes at 29 ^oC, 0% of shi² flies remain standing, compared to 100% of control flies.

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis (examined in synapses innervating larval muscle fibres) is completely blocked in shi² flies stimulated at 33 ^oC.

Unlike wild type, shi² nerve terminals (recorded from larval bodywall muscle 6 within A2) exhibit synaptic depression (as a result of use-dependent depletion of synaptic vesicles) when stimulated at 10 Hz at 30 o^C.

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

The heartbeat of homozygous or hemizygous pupae is increasingly slower and more arrhythmic than wild type with increasing temperature. The severity of the phenotype increases uniformly as the temperature rises. The phenotype is recessive.

(Johnson et al., 2001)

Mutant flies are paralysed at 27^oC.

(Krishnan et al., 2001)

Mutant flies show tight and complete paralysis in 2 minutes at 28^oC. High frequency stimulation of the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at 30^oC results in a rapid decline in synaptic transmission (wild-type NMJs can maintain synaptic transmission at this temperature for several minutes). At 28^oC, the mutant NMJ shows only a slight depression relative to wild type.

(Stimson et al., 2001)

At the non-permissive temperature, a decline of synaptic current amplitude is seen during 400 s 10 Hz tetanic stimulation of neuromuscular junctions.

(Delgado et al., 2000)

Mutant shi² flies paralyze within 2 minutes at 28^oC; at lower temperatures, shi² flies take a longer time to paralyze.

(Narayanan et al., 2000)

Homozygotes and shi²/shi²⁰ flies are paralysed at a temperature of 27.5^oC and 26.5^oC respectively.

(Grant et al., 1998)

At the permissive temperature (25^oC) hemizygous males develop and behave normally. At the restrictive temperature (29^oC) hemizygous males become paralysed and uncoordinated movements can be observed. shi²; α-Adaptin³/α-Adaptin⁺ males are indistinguishable from wild type at 18^oC but at 25^oC males can neither fly or walk and they show sporadic and uncoordinated movements.

(Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 1997)

When shi² pupae are exposed to 31^oC for 10-16 hours after puparium formation (APF), the majority of sensory units of the third antennal segment are composed of single or two cell clusters, in contrast to the control flies, which have sensory units mostly composed of three cells. Sensory development in the anlage of the second antennal segment and the wing disc is comparable to control flies. These pupae give rise to adults with a significant reduction in the number of sensilla basiconica, trichodea and coelonica on the third antennal segment. Temperature pulses between 0 and 8 hours APF have no effect on the sensilla founder cell selection process in the antennal discs, although extra sensory organ precursors are seen in the wing and notum, which give rise to ectopic bristles. Temperature pulses between 14 and 24 hors APF result in a conversion of trichogen and tormogen cells of the macrochaetae and microchaetae to neurons.

(Reddy et al., 1997)

Sub-anaesthetic concentration of carbon dioxide specifically suppresses the temperature sensitive paralytic phenotype. Sub-anaesthetic concentration of carbon dioxide also rapidly reverses paralysis induced at the restrictive temperature. The effect depends on the absolute concentration of CO₂ rather than the ratio with oxygen.

(Krishnan et al., 1996)

Synapse inhibition of dye uptake is seen at 34^oC.

(Ramaswami et al., 1994)

Weak eye phenotype is observed at 32^oC, slight disorganisation. A strong eye phenotype is observed at 34^oC. Six hour 34^oC pulses to pupae aged 32 hours at 22^oC cause almost total elimination of the thoracic macro and microchaetae. Heat pulses also cause dramatic disorganisation of bristles at the anterior wing margin, dorsal and ventral bristles appear to be missing or duplicated. 34^oC heat pulses to flies 32 hours after pupation results in adults with holes in their wing blades. A 32-38 hour window defines a critical period for a shi-dependent step in wing blade formation.

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

shi²/shi⁴ flies become paralysed very slowly at 29^oC or 27^oC compared to shi² or shi⁴ homozygotes. Some shi²/Df(1)sd72b flies survive. They become paralysed at 24^oC, and are weak and sluggish at 22^oC. They also show bang-sensitive paralysis.

(Kim and Wu, 1990)

temperature-sensitive temperature of adult paralysis: 29^oC temperature of larval paralysis: 31^oC temperature causing developmental defects: 31^oC viability of allele over deficiency: strong

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by Ppt1^S77F

(Aby et al., 2013)

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by sesB^org

(Rikhy et al., 2003)

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by awd^MSF15

(Chen et al., 2002)

shi² has paralytic | temperature conditional phenotype, enhanceable by awd^CM47

(Krishnan et al., 2001)

shi² has paralytic | temperature conditional phenotype, enhanceable by awd^MSF15

(Krishnan et al., 2001)

shi² has paralytic | temperature conditional phenotype, enhanceable by awd^MSM95

(Krishnan et al., 2001)

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by stnB⁶/stnA⁶

(Stimson et al., 2001)

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by hook¹¹

(Narayanan et al., 2000)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, non-enhanceable by sesB¹

(Rikhy et al., 2003)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

shi² has paralytic | heat sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by sesB¹

(Rikhy et al., 2003)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

shi² is an enhancer of visible | recessive phenotype of lqf^FDD9

(Cadavid et al., 2000)

shi²/shi² is an enhancer of visible phenotype of faf^FO8/faf^BX3

(Cadavid et al., 2000)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

shi² is a non-enhancer of paralytic phenotype of dor⁴

(Narayanan et al., 2000)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

shi²/shi² is a suppressor of bang sensitive phenotype of jus^iso7.8

(Kroll et al., 2015)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

shi¹/shi² is a non-suppressor of bang sensitive phenotype of para^bss1

(Kroll et al., 2015)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

shi² has larval tracheal system phenotype, enhanceable by Pu[+]/Pu^rAA17

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

shi² has larval tracheal system phenotype, enhanceable by Pu[+]/Pu^Z22

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

shi² has actin filament & spermatid | conditional ts phenotype, enhanceable by ctp^ins1

(Ghosh-Roy et al., 2005)

shi² has actin filament & spermatid | conditional ts phenotype, enhanceable by ctp^DIIA82

(Ghosh-Roy et al., 2005)

shi² has neuromuscular junction phenotype, enhanceable by stnB⁶/stnA⁶

(Stimson et al., 2001)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

shi² has neuromuscular junction phenotype, non-enhanceable by stnA¹²/stnB⁶/stnA⁶/stnB¹²

(Stimson et al., 2001)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

shi² is an enhancer of larval tracheal system phenotype of Pu^rAA17

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

shi² is an enhancer of larval tracheal system phenotype of Pu^Z22

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

shi²/shi² is an enhancer of eye phenotype of faf^FO8/faf^BX3

(Cadavid et al., 2000)

shi² is an enhancer of wing vein | ectopic phenotype of Cbl^Dv.UAS, Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

(Robertson et al., 2000)

Other

Statement

Reference

Mtl[+]/Mtl^Δ, Rac1^J11/Rac1[+], Rac2^Δ/Rac2[+], shi² has presumptive embryonic salivary gland | heat sensitive phenotype

(Pirraglia et al., 2006)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

shi¹/shi² does not significantly rescue the bang sensitive phenotype of para^bss1/+ mutants at 23[o]C.

shi²/shi² partially rescues the bang sensitive phenotype of sda^iso7.8/sda^iso7.8 mutants both at 23[o]C and when incubated at 26[o]C or 27[o]C before testing.

(Kroll et al., 2015)

shi²-Ppt1^S77F double mutants paralyze significantly faster when shifted to 27[o]C than do shi² single mutants.

(Aby et al., 2013)

The penetrance and severity of the ectopic tracheal migration phenotype is increased in Pu^rAA17/+ shi² double mutant embryos compared to either single mutant.

The penetrance and severity of the ectopic tracheal migration phenotype is increased in Pu^Z22/+ shi² double mutant embryos compared to either single mutant.

(Hsouna et al., 2007)

shi² Rac1^J11 Rac2^Δ Mtl^Δ heterozygous embryos form normal salivary glands at the permissive temperature of 25[o]C. However, at the restrictive temperature of 30[o]C, posterior migration of the salivary gland is disrupted.

(Pirraglia et al., 2006)

The F-actin density in the investment cones of spermatid individualization complexes is further decreased following a heat pulse of 11 hours in ctp^ins1, shi² and ctp^DIIA82, shi² double mutants compared to shi² single mutants.

(Ghosh-Roy et al., 2005)

sesB^org lowers the temperature at which 100% of shi² flies are paralysed in 3 minutes, from 28^oC to 26^oC.

(Rikhy et al., 2003)

awd^MSF15 reduces the temperature threshold for paralysis by 6^oC in shi² mutant flies.

(Chen et al., 2002)

The temperature at which 100% of shi² flies are paralysed is reduced if they also carry awd^MSM95, awd^CM47 or awd^MSF15.

(Krishnan et al., 2001)

shi² stnA⁶ stnB⁶ flies undergo complete paralysis in 2 minutes at 26^oC. At 28^oC, stnA⁶ stnB⁶ causes a marked enhancement of the weak neuromuscular junction depression seen in shi² single mutants. At 30^oC, there is no detectable effect of stnA⁶ stnB⁶ on depression.

(Stimson et al., 2001)

The lqf^FDD9 phenotype is enhanced if the flies are also homozygous for shi². The faf^BX3/faf^FO8 phenotype is slightly enhanced if the flies are also homozygous for shi².

(Cadavid et al., 2000)

Comparison of paralysis of shi² dor⁴ and shi² hk¹¹ double mutants with shi² homozygotes at 26, 27, and 28^oC reveals no striking differences in behaviour at all temperatures. shi² hk¹¹ flies tend to paralyze approximately 30 seconds faster than shi² flies at 26, 27, and 28^oCV. Recovery from shi² paralysis was also similar in shi² dor⁴ and shi² hk¹¹ double mutants compared to shi² mutants.

(Narayanan et al., 2000)

Thirty-seven percent of shi²; Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF Cbl^Dv.Scer\UAS wings exhibit an ectopic vein phenotype, moreso than in Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF Cbl^Dv.Scer\UAS mutants.

(Robertson et al., 2000)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Complements

shi^KVS

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

shi^SHY

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

shi^VS2

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

shi^BA1

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

shi^KVS

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

shi^SK2

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

shi^VF3

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

shi^VS2

(Ramaswami et al., 1993)

Rescued by

shi² is rescued by shi^WT.UASp.GFP/Scer\GAL4^nanos.PU

(Rikhy et al., 2015)

Comments

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (3)

Bloomington

2248

shi²

605958

w^* shi²; P{lacW}Rbp9^P2690/CyO, P{GAL4-Kr.C}DC3, P{UAS-GFP.S65T}DC7

Kyoto

106754

shi²

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Grigliatti.

Comments

Order of temperature sensitivity in the hemizygous condition: shi⁴ > shi²¹ > shi¹ > shi². Order of temperature sensitivity in the homozygous condition: shi²¹ = shi¹ > shi⁴ >= shi². Order of temperature sensitivity of heteroallelic combinations: shi²/shi²¹ = shi¹/shi²¹ >= shi⁴/shi²¹ > shi¹/shi² = shi¹/shi⁴ >> shi²/shi⁴.

(Kim and Wu, 1990)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

Shi^2Ts

(Phillips and Thomas, 2006)

Shibire^ts

(Lang et al., 2022)

shi ts2

(Al-Hasan et al., 2006)

shi²

(Romani et al., 2016, Kanamori et al., 2015, Zang et al., 2015, Aby et al., 2013, Johnson et al., 2012, Hsouna et al., 2010, Popodi et al., 2010-, Hsouna et al., 2007)

shi^2ts

(Rawls and Wolff, 2003)

shi^ts2

(Nguyen et al., 2024, Zhang et al., 2020, Kroll et al., 2015, Rikhy et al., 2015, Zang et al., 2015, Chabu and Doe, 2008, Rikhy et al., 2007, Rikhy et al., 2007, Pirraglia et al., 2006, Poskanzer et al., 2006, Beronja et al., 2005, Ghosh-Roy et al., 2005, Narayanan et al., 2005, Guha et al., 2003, Poskanzer et al., 2003, Rikhy et al., 2003, Chen et al., 2002, Johnson et al., 2001, Krishnan et al., 2001, Stimson et al., 2001, Cadavid et al., 2000, Delgado et al., 2000, Narayanan et al., 2000, Robertson et al., 2000, Grant et al., 1998, Kuromi and Kidokoro, 1998, Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 1997, Reddy et al., 1997, Urrutia et al., 1997, Krishnan et al., 1996, Warnock and Schmid, 1996, Gass et al., 1995, Ramaswami et al., 1994, Chen and Stark, 1993, Ramaswami et al., 1993, van der Bliek and Meyerowitz, 1991, Kim and Wu, 1990)

shi^ts

(Romani et al., 2016)

shibire^TS2

(Ott et al., 2016)

ts2

(Narayanan et al., 2005)

Name Synonyms

shibirets2

(Zang et al., 2015, Aby et al., 2013)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBal0050506

References (50)

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