FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\para[bss1]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\para^bss1

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0001325

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\para

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

bss¹, para^bss, bss^MW1, bss

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

gain of function allele

Mutagen

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

gain of function allele

(Parker et al., 2011)

Mutagen

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

Amino acid replacement: L1699F.

(Parker et al., 2011)

Coordinates of lesion are relative to the para-RA/para-PA sequence.

(Parker et al., 2011)

Nucleotide substitution: C5364T.

(Parker et al., 2011)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

point_mutation

X:16,466,791..16,466,791 [-]

Nucleotide change:

C16466791T

Reported nucleotide change:

C16360824T

Amino acid change:

Reported amino acid change:

L1699F

Comment:

Location reported as an R5 coordinate.

(Parker et al., 2011)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Evidence

References

model of epilepsy

CEA

(Costa-Machado et al., 2023, Ssempijja et al., 2023, Byers et al., 2021, Giachello et al., 2021, Iyengar and Wu, 2021, Jeong et al., 2021, Mituzaite et al., 2021, Jacobs and Sehgal, 2020, Lin et al., 2017, Saras and Tanouye, 2016, Saras and Tanouye, 2016, Kroll et al., 2015, Howlett and Tanouye, 2013, Howlett et al., 2013, Parker et al., 2011, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010, Whelan et al., 2010, Tan et al., 2004)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Interaction

References

model of epilepsy

is ameliorated by shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab9^{Q71L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab30^{Q66L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by shi^1.UAS

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab5^{Q88L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab30^{T21N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab32^{T33N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab35^S22N.UAS.YFP

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by shi¹

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab8^{T22N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by Rab9^{S26N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

is ameliorated by cac^TS2

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

is ameliorated by pum^UAS.cSa

(Lin et al., 2017)

is exacerbated by pum^KK109048

(Lin et al., 2017)

is ameliorated by tipE¹

(Parker et al., 2011)

is ameliorated by gish^GD10588

(Howlett et al., 2013)

is exacerbated by chn^KK105251

(Howlett et al., 2013)

is ameliorated by gish⁰⁴⁸⁹⁵

(Howlett et al., 2013)

is ameliorated by kcc^UAS.cHb

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010)

is exacerbated by SLO2^CRISPR

(Byers et al., 2021)

is exacerbated by SLO2^DN.UAS

(Byers et al., 2021)

is ameliorated by Adcy1^rut-1

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

is ameliorated by GstS1^M26

(Chen et al., 2020)

ameliorates epilepsy

modeled by para^Shu

(Kaas et al., 2016)

modeled by eas²

(Kroll and Tanouye, 2013)

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal behavior | semidominant

(Kulkarni et al., 1988)

abnormal neurophysiology

(Kroll et al., 2015, Fergestad et al., 2006, Lee and Wu, 2002, Kuebler et al., 2001)

abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016, Tan et al., 2004)

abnormal neurophysiology | semidominant

(Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995)

abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage

(Lin et al., 2017)

bang sensitive

(Kroll et al., 2015, Tan et al., 2004, Lee and Wu, 2002, Engel and Wu, 1994)

bang sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155, para^{L1699F.UAS.1-1}

(Parker et al., 2011)

bang sensitive | adult stage | dominant | heat sensitive

(Byers et al., 2021)

bang sensitive | semidominant

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016, Howlett et al., 2013, Parker et al., 2011, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005, Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995, Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

paralytic

(Howlett and Tanouye, 2013, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010, Lee and Wu, 2002)

paralytic | adult stage

(Lin et al., 2017)

paralytic | drug conditional

(Howlett and Tanouye, 2013)

paralytic | semidominant

(Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995, Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

paralytic | third instar larval stage

(Lin et al., 2017)

Phenotype Manifest In

central nervous system

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

muscle cell of abdominal 1 dorsal longitudinal muscle

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 mutant adults and third instar larvae display seizure-like behavior (temporal paralysis) induced by either vortexing or electroshock, respectively.

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1/para^bss1 flies are bang sensitive and have a low seizure threshold in response to high frequency stimulation (similar at room temperature or after brief heat shock). Almost two thirds of para^bss1/+ heterozygotes are bang sensitive (room temperature).

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

para^bss1/para^bss1 mutants are bang sensitive, and exhibit defects in synaptic transmission, as shown by significantly reduced response rate to GF circuit stimulation at 100 Hz.

A majority of para^bss1/+ or hemizygous para^bss1 flies are bang sensitive.

(Kroll et al., 2015)

Injection of 25mM valproate saline solution greatly increases the seizure threshold of para^bss1 mutants (i.e. suppresses the seizure phenotype), by a factor of 2 (but still well below wild-type levels without 25mM valproate injection).

(Howlett and Tanouye, 2013)

Homozygous para^bss1 mutant flies exhibit bang-sensitive seizure-like behaviors and paralysis in response to mechanical shock. Total paralytic time is ~240 seconds, and the flies exhibit unusual tonic-clonic-like behaviors. The para^bss1 mutant has a low threshold for seizure-like activity evoked by high-frequency electrical stimulation. The phenotype is semidominant; seizure-like behaviors and bang-sensitive paralysis are reduced in para^bss1/+ flies, but are still seen at >95% penetrance.

(Howlett et al., 2013)

Mean recovery time from bang sensitive paralysis following a mechanical shock is approximately 240 seconds in hemizygous males and approximately 50 seconds in heterozygotes.

Seizure-like electrical activity in the motoneurons can be elicited in hemizygous males with a high-frequency stimulus of 4.4V or higher. The seizure-like activity consists of aberrant high-frequency firing (greater than 100Hz) lasting for approximately 1 second. After this initial seizure, there is a "tonic-clonic-like" period where the giant fibre system neural circuit fails to drive muscle potentials in the dorsal longitudinal muscle and a variable number of spontaneous secondary seizures are observed. A final recovery seizure is then observed, followed by restoration of transmission in the giant fibre system shortly thereafter. In 1 day old flies, the tonic-clonic-like period is relatively short (approximately 45 seconds) and contains only one secondary seizure. In older flies (7 days after eclosion), the tonic-clonic-like period is longer (approximately 75 seconds) and typically contains 3 to 4 secondary seizures, although up to 8 have been observed.

Seizure-like electrical activity in the motoneurons can be elicited in heterozygotes with a high-frequency stimulus of 19.1V or higher. However, in these animals, the initial seizure is followed by a synaptic failure period and then a recovery seizure, without any occurrence of secondary seizures during the synaptic failure period.

Expression of para^GD3392 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu decreases the penetrance of the bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/Y males ((from 100% to 65%) and para^bss1/+ females (from 87% to 1.6%).

Expression of para^EY08038 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 has no effect on the bang sensitive phenotype of para^bss1/+ flies (P{EPgy2}para^EY08038 and para^bss1 in trans).

Flies carrying para^bss1:EY08038 (P{EPgy2}para^EY08038 and para^bss1 in cis), in which the mutant "bss1" form of para is being expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 have a more severe bang sensitive phenotype (longer mean recovery time) than flies carrying P{EPgy2}para^EY08038 and para^bss1 in trans and expressing para^EY08038 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155.

Expression of two copies of para^{L1699F.Scer\UAS.1-1} under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 exacerbates the bang-sensitive phenotype of para^bss1/+ females: the mean recovery time increases from approximately 38 to approximately 52 seconds and the seizure threshold decreases from 19.1 to 12.1V.

(Parker et al., 2011)

Rapid acute exposure to 100% CO[[2]], N[[2]] or He causes seizure-like activity in bss¹ mutants. Seizure-like activity is characterized by violent spinning of the flies accompanied by rapid uncoordinated movement of the wings, legs and abdomen. The initial bout of seizure-like activity, which usually occurs within 10 seconds of the onset of gas exposure, is followed by a period of paralysis in which the flies lay motionless. The paralysis is interrupted by bouts of delayed seizure-like activity that begins 30 to 60 seconds following the initial seizure-like activity. The delayed seizure-like activity is much more variable than the initial activity, as it often consists of multiple bouts of activity interspersed with periods of paralysis.

Repeat exposure to CO[[2]] reduced the severity of seizure-like activity. bss¹ flies that are exposed to a second round of CO[[2]] exposure as soon as they recover from an initial acute exposure to CO[[2]], a process that takes approximately 3 minutes, are immobilized by the exposure but the amount of seizure-like activity is reduced. For example, following the first exposure, 76% of bss¹ flies display delayed seizure-like activity while following the second exposure only 61% of the flies display this activity.

Five minutes after CO[[2]] induced seizure-like activity, only 6% of bss¹ flies are susceptible to mechanical shock. This resistance is transient as the vast majority of flies (>95%) are once again susceptible to mechanical shock 15 minutes following CO[[2]] exposure.

Only 8% of bss¹ flies are susceptible to mechanical shock 3 minutes after N[[2]] induced seizure-like activity.

Immediately following a mechanical shock, bss¹ flies display reduced susceptibility to CO[[2]] induced seizure-like activity. As soon as these flies recover from the initial mechanical shock (a process that takes approximately 4 minutes), only 65% of the flies exhibit delayed seizure-like activity in response to acute CO[[2]] exposure.

Exposure of bss¹ flies to a 50/50 mix of CO[[2]] and O[[2]] results in initial and delayed seizure-like activity, indicating that hypercapnia is sufficient to trigger seizure-like activity in these flies as they have more than twice the level of atmospheric oxygen during exposure to the 50/50 mix. These flies are also susceptible to CO[[2]] induced anesthetization.

Mixtures of 95% N[[2]] and 5% O[[2]] or 95% He and 5% O[[2]] do not trigger seizure-like activity in bss¹ flies. In fact, at 98% N[[2]] or He and 2% O[[2]], these flies do not exhibit seizure-like activity, although they do become sluggish. When the amount of O[[2]] is reduced even further to 1% or less, the flies begin to become anesthetized and in many cases exhibit seizure-like activity.

Exposure of bss¹ to pure CO[[2]], He or O[[2]] for 2-5 minutes results in initial seizure-like activity but fails to generate the delayed seizure-like activity seen following acute exposure. After the initial seizure-like activity, the flies remain motionless throughout the duration of the 2- to 5-minute gas exposure. Once the gas exposure ends, the flies gradually recover normal function without displaying any delayed seizure-like activity.

(Whelan et al., 2010)

The giant fiber(GF)-dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscle (DLM) neuronal circuit is more sensitive to seizure induction in mutants than in wild-type flies; seizures can be induced with high-frequency brain stimulation of shorter or less intensity in the mutant animals. The mutant animals show predominantly type II seizures.

(Fergestad et al., 2006)

More than 50% of bss¹/+ flies are bang sensitive. 100% of homozygous flies are bang sensitive.

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

Mutants are bang-sensitive, with a recovery period of 198 +/- 45 seconds and a refractory period of 600 +/- 70 seconds. The length of the recovery period is reduced if the flies are fed potassium bromide.

Mutant flies show a reduced seizure threshold (of 3.7 +/- 0.1 V) compared to wild type in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation. The seizure intensity is reduced if the flies are fed potassium bromide.

(Tan et al., 2004)

On mechanical agitation, bss¹ flies show a stereotypical behavioral sequence of initial spasm, paralysis, delayed spasm and recovery of normal posture. The two spasms are manifested by collapse of the body, high-frequency wing flapping, leg extension, and fully curved abdomen. Seizing females often lay eggs. Electroconvulsive stimulation delivered to the brain of bss¹ flies reproducibly induces the bang-sensitive repertoire of seizure behaviour; such electroconvulsive seizures can actually be induced in wild-type flies but this requires more extreme stimulus intensities than for bss¹ flies. The failure and recovery of the giant fibre (GF) pathway can be detected by recording the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) physiological response. Following 1 Hz brain stimulation, bss¹ mutants have a significantly longer period of DLM response failure, and have an increased sensitivity for induction of this response failure, compared to wild type. Additionally, the maximal initial discharge induction is shifted toward lower stimulus intensities in the mutant flies. Delivery of a second stimulus after the onset of the delayed discharge (DD) phase of the DLM response causes a brief suppression of DD and a slight delay in response recovery, an effect that is more pronounced in bss¹ mutants than wild type. Delivery of a second stimulus after seizure recovery induces a refractory period during which DLM response failure is shortened and the DD stage is earlier and for a shorter duration; this refractory period is shorter in bss¹ flies than in wild type. Additionally, bss¹ flies show a rapid and abrupt restoration of full DD expression, compared to a more gradual DD restoration in wild-type. Electroconvulsive brain stimulation causes activity suppression and bursting events throughout the CNS; the period of activity suppression is longer in bss¹ mutants than wild-type flies.

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

The seizure threshold following short wavetrains of high-frequency electrical stimuli (0.5ms pulses at 200Hz for 300ms) is reduced in mutant flies (3.2 +/- 0.6 V) compared to controls.

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

Bang-sensitive mutant. Flies usually show abnormal spontaneous activity ("seizures") in the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) lasting approximately 0.5-3 seconds after the delivery of an electrical buzz (50-400 msec) to the brain. Stimulation of the giant fibre (GF) usually fails to evoke DLM potentials following the buzz. This failure lasts for 112 +/- 70 seconds. There is a close correlation between the seizure and failure phenotypes; if a seizure occurs, a failure also occurs in greater than 95% of cases, while failures without seizures occurred in approximately 10% of cases. GF evoked responses by the DLM are abnormal during recovery from the buzz. After recovery, there is a refactory period during which a buzz is less effective at inducing seizures and failures. Failures are reduced in duration if the flies are also mutant for mle^nap-ts1.

(Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995)

Physiological defect: a striking reduction of spike frequency in the anterior postalar (APA) and anterior notopleural (ANP) after mechanical stimulus.

(Engel and Wu, 1994)

Bang sensitive paralytic mutant. Paralysis lasts for 100-400 seconds, with the length of the paralysis increasing with age. There is a subsequent refractory period of several minutes before re-paralysis is effective. The larval neuromuscular junction preparation reveals abnormal long-term facilitation, and neuronal hyperexcitability.

(Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | adult stage | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by SLO2^CRISPR

(Byers et al., 2021)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | adult stage | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by SLO2^DN.UAS/Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4

(Byers et al., 2021)

para^bss1 has paralytic | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by pum^KK109048/Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has paralytic | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by pum^KK109048/Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has paralytic | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by pum^KK109048/Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by Df(2R)Exel6078/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by Df(2R)Exel6056/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by Df(2R)BSC651/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by chn^KK105251/Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by Df(2R)Exel7135/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype, enhanceable by bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

para^bss1 has paralytic phenotype, enhanceable by bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^eve.RRa/pum^KK109048

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-enhanceable by Df(2R)BSC346/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has abnormal behavior phenotype, non-enhanceable by Df(2L)TW1/+

(Fergestad et al., 2006)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has paralytic | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by pum^UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has paralytic | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by pum^UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has paralytic | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by pum^UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^eve.RRa/pum^UAS.cSa

(Lin et al., 2017)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by cac^TS2

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by cac^TS2

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155/cac^JF02572

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by shi¹/shi¹

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/shi^1.UAS

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^ChAT.PU/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^RapGAP1-OK6/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^ChAT.PU/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}/Scer\GAL4^shot-OK307

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Rab5^{Q88L.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Rab8^{T22N.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab9^{S26N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Rab9^{Q71L.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab30^{T21N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab30^{Q66L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab32^{T33N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab35^S22N.UAS.YFP

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has paralytic | drug conditional phenotype, suppressible by Mdr65^MI00104

(Howlett and Tanouye, 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)Exel6285/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(3L)ED4502/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(3R)ED10639/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(3L)ED224/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by +/Df(3L)ED201

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)BSC427/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(3R)ED5518/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(3L)ED4486/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Df(3R)Exel7329/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by gish[+]/gish⁰⁴⁸⁹⁵

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155/gish^GD10588

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by tipE¹

(Parker et al., 2011)

para^bss1 has paralytic phenotype, suppressible by kcc^UAS.cHb/Scer\GAL4^c739

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by esg^EP2009/Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by esg^EP633/Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by esg^UAS.cFa/Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu/sna^UAS.cFa

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, suppressible by esg^EP684/Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype, suppressible by mle^nap-ts1

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype, suppressible by shakB²

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by shi[+]/shi¹

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by shi¹/shi²

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^RapGAP1-OK6/shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Rab3^{T35N.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab3^{Q80L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab5^{S43N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Rab8^{Q67L.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Rab23^{S51N.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab23^{Q96L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab27^{T25N.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10/Rab27^{Q74L.UASp.YFP}

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Rab32^{Q79L.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Rab35^{Q67L.UASp.YFP}/Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10

(Kroll et al., 2015)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155/gish^GD10588

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by gish[+]/gish^KG03891

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by gish[+]/gish^DG16412

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by gish[+]/gish^EY06451

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by gish[+]/gish^e01759

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155/arr^GD2617

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3R)ED10639/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3R)Exel6269/+

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by bor[+]/bor^c05496

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by tara¹/tara[+]

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by gish[+]/gish⁰⁴⁸⁹⁵

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive | semidominant phenotype, non-suppressible by gish[+]/gish^EX04895

(Howlett et al., 2013)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by tipE¹

(Parker et al., 2011)

para^bss1 has abnormal behavior phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(2L)TW1/+

(Fergestad et al., 2006)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(2L)osp29/+

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

para^bss1 has bang sensitive phenotype, non-suppressible by esg^35Ce-1/esg[+]

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

bss[+]/para^bss1 is an enhancer of bang sensitive | recessive phenotype of kcc^DHS1

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006)

para^bss1 is an enhancer of abnormal neurophysiology phenotype of bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

para^bss1 is an enhancer of paralytic phenotype of bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

para^bss1 is an enhancer of bang sensitive phenotype of bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

para^bss1/para^bss1 is a suppressor of abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage | temperature conditional phenotype of cac^TS2

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

para^bss1/para^bss1 is a suppressor of paralytic | adult stage | temperature conditional phenotype of cac^TS2

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

Other

Statement

Reference

SLO2^CRISPR, para^bss1/para[+] has uncoordinated | adult stage phenotype

(Byers et al., 2021)

Scer\GAL4^shot-OK307, para^bss1, shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS} has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype

(Kroll et al., 2015)

kcc^DHS1, bss[+]/para^bss1 has bang sensitive | dominant phenotype

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006)

mle^nap-ts1, para^bss1 has abnormal neurophysiology phenotype

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has muscle cell of abdominal 1 dorsal longitudinal muscle phenotype, enhanceable by bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has larval DA1 motor neuron | third instar larval stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^eve.RRa/pum^KK109048

(Lin et al., 2017)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 has larval DA1 motor neuron | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^eve.RRa/pum^UAS.cSa

(Lin et al., 2017)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

para^bss1 is an enhancer of muscle cell of abdominal 1 dorsal longitudinal muscle phenotype of bas¹

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

Other

Statement

Reference

bas¹, para^bss1 has mesothoracic tergotrochanter muscle cell phenotype

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

mle^nap-ts1, para^bss1 has giant fiber neuron phenotype

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

para^bss1/+ double mutants exhibit spontaneous seizures.

(Byers et al., 2021)

Expression of pum^Scer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4 or Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu fully suppresses the seizure-like phenotype (temporal paralysis) observed in para^bss1 mutant males subjected to brief vortexing or in mutant third instar larvae upon an electroshock and their recovery time is comparable to that of wild-type controls. In contrast, Scer\GAL4^ChAT.7.4-driven expression of pum^KK109048 worsens the paralytic phenotype in both adults and larvae and further delays recovery. Similarly, expression of pum^Scer\UAS.cSa driven by Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu significantly reduced while expression of pum^KK109048 increased the seizure duration in para^bss1 larvae.

para^bss1 mutant larvae expressing pum^Scer\UAS.cSa in the aCC motoneuron controlled by Scer\GAL4^eve.RRa show a striking reduction in the persistent voltage-gated Na[+] current (I[[NaP]]) in the aCC but no significant change in the transient voltage-gated Na[+] current (I[[NaT]]) relative to para^bss1 mutants alone, therefore the persistent-to-transient ration is markedly decreased, consistent with the presumed anticonvulsant role of pum upregulation. On the other hand, pum^KK109048 driven by the same driver has no effect on I[[NaP]] and although I[[NaT]] is mildly increased, the P:T ratio is unchanged and no difference in the severity of the seizure phenotype is observed compared to para^bss1 larvae. On occasion, multiple resurgent currents appear during the I[[NaP]] plateau in para^bss1 larvae and the proportion of cells showing these are decreased upon pum^Scer\UAS.cSa expression.

(Lin et al., 2017)

cac^TS2/Y (or even more so, cac^TS2/cac^TS2) mostly suppresses bang sensitivity (reduces behavioral paralysis) in para^bss1/para^bss1 flies at room temperature; this suppression is increased (almost total) after brief heat shock. cac^TS2/cac^TS2) almost completely suppresses bang sensitivity (reduces behavioral paralysis) in para^bss1/+ flies at room temperature. cac^TS2/Y also speeds recovery time from paralysis and reduces refractory time in para^bss1/para^bss1 flies.

After brief heat shock, cac^TS2/Y transiently suppresses the low seizure threshold in para^bss1/para^bss1 flies, even increasing the threshold to above wild type levels (seizure resistance); the seizure threshold returns to para^bss1/para^bss1 levels after some minutes at room temperature.

cac^JF02572 driven by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 partially suppresses bang sensitivity (reduces behavioral paralysis) in para^bss1/Y flies at room temperature.

para^bss1/para^bss1 suppresses the spontaneous seizure-like activity in the dorsal longitudinal muscle as well as behavioural paralysis seen at higher restrictive temperatures (38C) in cac^TS2/cac^TS2 flies.

(Saras and Tanouye, 2016)

shi¹/shi¹ does not rescue the bang sensitive phenotype of para^bss1/para^bss1 mutants at 23[o]C, but if incubated for 3 minutes at 27[o]C immediately before testing, partially rescues the bang sensitive phenotype of para^bss1/para^bss1 mutants.

shi¹/+ or shi¹/shi¹ or shi¹/shi² does not significantly rescue the bang sensitive phenotype of para^bss1/+ mutants at 23[o]C.

Expression of shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} or shi^1.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10 partially suppresses the bang sensitivity of hemizygous para^bss1 flies when incubated for 3 min at 28[o]C, but not at 23[o]C.

Expression of shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10 or Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 partially suppresses the bang sensitivity of para^bss1/+ flies at 23[o]C or 30[o]C, but not at 18[o]C.

Expression of shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10 increases the seizure threshold of para^bss1/+ flies at 23[o]C.

shi^1.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10 partially suppresses the bang sensitivity of para^bss1/+ flies at 23[o]C.

shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^ChAT.PU partially suppresses the bang sensitivity, and increases the seizure threshold of para^bss1/+ flies at 23[o]C, and partially rescues the bang sensitivity of hemizygous para^bss1 flies temperature shifted to 28[o]C.

shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^RapGAP1-OK6 partially rescues the bang sensitivity, but does not significantly change the seizure threshold of para^bss1/+ flies at 23[o]C; and does not rescue the bang sensitivity of hemizygous para^bss1 flies temperature shifted to 28[o]C.

shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^shot-OK307 does not rescue the bang sensitivity, and does not significantly change the seizure threshold of para^bss1/+ flies at 23[o]C; but partially rescues the bang sensitivity of hemizygous para^bss1 flies temperature shifted to 28[o]C.

para^bss1 mutants expressing shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xScer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^shot-OK307 display synaptic transmission defects and a higher seizure threshold when heated, as compared with controls.

Expression of Rab5^{Q88L.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, Rab8^{T22N.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, Rab9^{S26N.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, Rab9^{Q71L.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, Rab30^{T21N.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, Rab30^{Q66L.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, Rab32^{T33N.Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-YFP}, or Rab35^{S22N.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-YFP} under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR57C10 partially rescues the bang sensitivity of para^bss1/+ flies, but does not rescue the bang sensitivity of hemizygous para^bss1 flies.

(Kroll et al., 2015)

A Mdr65^MI00104 background does not affect the seizure phenotype found in para^bss1 flies that have been injected with 15mM valproate saline solution. However, the seizure phenotype found in para^bss1; Mdr65^MI00104 flies that have been injected with 25mM valproate saline solution is considerably higher, and above the wild-type range, indicating some protection conferred by an interaction in the double mutant.

(Howlett and Tanouye, 2013)

The severity of the bang-sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/Y is exacerbated with one copy of any of Df(2R)Exel7135, Df(2R)Exel6078, Df(2R)Exel6056, Df(2R)Exel7094, Df(2R)Exel6071 or Df(2R)BSC651. No enhancement is seen with heterozygous Df(2R)BSC346.

Expression of chn^KK105251 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 increases the length of the recovery time in para^bss1/Y flies. The threshold for seizure initiation is not affected.

No bang sensitivity is seen in flies expressing chn^KK105251 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 in a para^bss1/+ mutant background.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females can be suppressed by one copy of any of Df(2R)Exel6285, Df(3R)ED10639, Df(3L)ED224, Df(3L)ED201, Df(3L)ED4502, Df(2R)BSC427, Df(3R)ED5518, Df(3L)ED4486 or Df(3R)Exel7329. No suppression is seen in a Df(3R)Exel6269/+ background. One copy of Df(3R)ED10639 almost completely rescues the low threshold for seizure-like activity seen in para^bss1/+ flies. A Df(3R)ED10639/+ background does not suppress the bang sensitive phenotypes, or seizure recovery time in para^bss1/para^bss1 or para^bss1/Y mutant flies.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of bor^c05496.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of tara¹.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females can be partially suppressed with one copy of gish⁰⁴⁸⁹⁵. Fewer flies exhibit bang-sensitivity and the threshold for seizure-like activity is partially rescued. A gish⁰⁴⁸⁹⁵/+ background does not suppress the bang sensitive phenotypes in para^bss1/para^bss1 or para^bss1/Y mutant flies.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of gish^EX04895.

Expression of gish^GD10588 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 partially suppresses the bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females. Fewer flies exhibit bang-sensitivity and the threshold for seizure-like activity is partially rescued. gish^GD10588 does not suppress the bang sensitive phenotypes in para^bss1/para^bss1 or para^bss1/Y mutant flies.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of gish^KG03891.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of gish^DG16412.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of gish^EY06451.

The bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females is not suppressed by one copy of gish^e01759.

Expression of arr^GD2617 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 does not significantly suppress the bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ mutant females.

(Howlett et al., 2013)

The penetrance of the bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ females is significantly reduced compared to controls in para^bss1/+ tipE¹/+ females and is reduced even further in para^bss1/+ tipE¹/tipE¹ females. However, bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/Y males is not suppressed in para^bss1/Y tipE¹/tipE¹ males.

(Parker et al., 2011)

Expression of kcc^Scer\UAS.cHb driven by Scer\GAL4^c739 significantly suppresses the bang-sensitive paralytic phenotype of bss¹ mutants.

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010)

Df(2L)TW1/+ does not significantly alter the seizure phenotype of bss¹ hemizygotes.

(Fergestad et al., 2006)

Unlike either heterozygote alone, a bang sensitive phenotype is seen in kcc^DHS1/+; bss¹/+ adults (penetrance 48%). The penetrance of this phenotype rises to 77% in kcc^DHS1/kcc^DHS1; bss¹/+ adults.

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006)

The bang sensitivity of bss¹/+ flies (more than 50% of flies are bang sensitive) is substantially suppressed by the expression of one of esg^EP684, esg^EP2009 or esg^EP633 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu. However, the 100% bang sensitivity of bss¹/bss¹ flies is not suppressed by the expression of one of esg^EP684, esg^EP2009 or esg^EP633 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu. The bang sensitivity of bss¹/+ flies is partially suppressed by the expression of one of sna^Scer\UAS.cFa or esg^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu. The bang sensitivity of bss¹/+ flies is not significantly altered by esg^35Ce-1/+ or Df(2L)osp29/+.

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2005)

Following mechanical agitation, bss¹ bas¹ double mutant flies have a prolonged paralysis and take longer to recover following spasm than single mutants. These double mutants also have an enhanced susceptibility to electroconvulsion compared to single mutants with a prolonged DLM response failure. The sensitivity for response failure induction and maximal initial discharge induction is similar in the double mutants to bss¹ single mutants. Delivery of a second stimulus after the onset of DD causes a greater suppression of DD and a more delayed response recovery in double mutants than either single mutant. Additionally, delivery of a second stimulus after seizure recovery induces a shorter refractory period in bss¹ bas¹ double mutants. The jump muscle TTMs have an earlier response recovery following electroconvulsive stimuli, compared to DLMs; this effect is much more pronounced in bss¹ bas¹ mutants than in wild-type flies. Gynandromorph analysis shows that the recovery time of DLM responses to test stimuli applied to the brain is progressively lengthened as the number of bss¹ bas¹ mutant neurons in the GF pathway increases.

(Lee and Wu, 2002)

mle^nap-ts1 suppresses the reduced seizure threshold of bss¹ flies following high-frequency electrical stimuli, raising the seizure threshold to wild-type levels in the double mutant flies.

shakB² does not suppress the reduced seizure threshold of bss¹ flies following high-frequency electrical stimuli. However, the double mutants do show a significant increase in the latency to seizure onset following 4V high-frequency stimuli compared to bss¹ single mutants. The double mutants show a reduction in spontaneous seizures during recovery from 4V high-frequency stimuli compared to bss¹ single mutants.

The threshold for activation of the giant fiber in mutant animals following single stimulus pulses (0.2ms duration, 0.5Hz) is not significantly different from that of wild type.

The threshold for activation of the giant fiber in bss¹ mle^nap-ts1 animals following single stimulus pulses (0.2ms duration, 0.5Hz) is elevated compared to wild type.

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Rescued by

para^bss1 is rescued by Scer\GAL4^elav-C155/para^UAS.1-1

(Parker et al., 2011)

Comments

para^Shu/para^bss1 transheterozygous female adults reared at 25[o]C temperature exhibit strong decreases in wing posture defects and in the movement time spent in the centre of a circular space, as compared to para^Shu heterozygous females.

(Kaas et al., 2016)

Expression of para^Scer\UAS.1-1 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 suppresses the bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/+ females (the phenotype is completely suppressed when two copies of para^Scer\UAS.1-1 are used).

Expression of para^Scer\UAS.1-1 under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 is also effective at rescuing the bang sensitive phenotype seen in para^bss1/Y males (the penetrance of the phenotype is reduced and the seizure threshold is significantly increased).

(Parker et al., 2011)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (1)

Bloomington

606475

para^bss1

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Comments

Complements: Dsp1¹. Dsp1¹ complements the bang sensitive paralysis of bss¹; the phenotype of bss¹/Dsp1¹ flies is the same as that of +/bss¹ flies.

(Decoville et al., 2001)

Phenotype suppressed by mle^nap-ts1, even at permissive temperatures. Double mutants do not pass out even when they are vibrated on the vortex mixer twice the usual amount of time. Double mutants have normal nerve activity and ejp.

(Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

bas^MW1

(Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

bss

(Iyengar and Wu, 2021, Howlett et al., 2013)

bss¹

(Byers et al., 2021, Jacobs and Sehgal, 2020, Lin et al., 2017, Lin et al., 2015, Bao et al., 2011, Parker et al., 2011, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010, Whelan et al., 2010, Fergestad et al., 2006, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006, Tan et al., 2004, Kuebler et al., 2001)

bss^MW1

(Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995, Engel and Wu, 1994, Kulkarni et al., 1988, Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

para^Bss1

(Corke et al., 2025)

para^bss1

(Abbigeri et al., 2025, Cuddapah et al., 2025, Hunter and Leib, 2024, Costa-Machado et al., 2023, Ssempijja et al., 2023, Mituzaite et al., 2021, Tapia et al., 2021, Jacobs and Sehgal, 2020, Radlicz et al., 2019, Saras et al., 2017, Kaas et al., 2016, Saras and Tanouye, 2016, Saras and Tanouye, 2016, Kroll et al., 2015, Howlett and Tanouye, 2013, Howlett et al., 2013, Kroll and Tanouye, 2013, Parker et al., 2011)

para^bss

(Giachello et al., 2021, Jeong et al., 2021, Chen et al., 2020, Dare et al., 2020, Kasuya et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2018, Lin et al., 2017)

parabss1

(Howlett et al., 2013)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (46)

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