FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Hug
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Hug
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Hugin
Annotation Symbol
CG6371
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0028374
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
26 publicly available
Gene Summary
Probably has a role in larval molting. (UniProt, Q9VG55)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Drm-PK-2, pyrokinin-2, hug-γ, hugγ, pyrokinin

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
87B15-87B15
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-52
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:12526188..12529076
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables myostimulatory hormone activity
inferred from direct assay
(Meng et al., 2002)
enables neuropeptide activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:PK2-R2; FB:FBgn0038139,FLYBASE:PK2-R1; FB:FBgn0038140
(Rosenkilde et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ecdysis-triggering hormone activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:ETH; FB:FBgn0028738
(Meng et al., 2002)
enables hormone activity
non-traceable author statement
(Hewes and Taghert, 2001)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in ecdysis, chitin-based cuticle
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Meng et al., 2002)
involved_in larval feeding behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Melcher and Pankratz, 2005)
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Rosenkilde et al., 2003)
inferred from expression pattern
(Wegener et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in ecdysis, chitin-based cuticle
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:ETH; FB:FBgn0028738
(Meng et al., 2002)
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
non-traceable author statement
(Baggerman et al., 2002)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Wegener et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
non-traceable author statement
(Baggerman et al., 2002)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the pyrokinin family. (Q9VG55)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    NEUROPEPTIDES -
    Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Probably has a role in larval molting.
    (UniProt, Q9VG55)
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    controls growth and metabolism - encodes at least two distinct neuropeptides; one, hug-γ, has homology to an ecdysone triggering hormone and a second, Drm-PK-2, is a pyrokinin with myostimulatory activity

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    1
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Hug for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VG55)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.39

    Gene model reviewed during 5.50

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    Hug-RA
    FBtr0082639
    NM_079605
    1033
    191
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    Hug-PA
    FBpp0082108
    20.6
    191
    8.47
    Q9VG55
    NP_524329
    AAF54833
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments

    Small Hug-derived neuropeptides identified by 2D capillary LC/ESI-MS/MS: SVPFKPRL-amide.

    (Baggerman et al., 2005)

    Small Hug-derived neuropeptides identified by LC-MS/MS: SVPFKPRL-amide

    (Baggerman et al., 2002)
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Hug using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.53

    Transcript Expression
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 1 -- 3
    organism

    Comment: maternally deposited

    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    first instar larval stage
    larval gnathal ganglion | restricted
    (Melcher and Pankratz, 2005)
    third instar larval stage
    larval pharynx-innervating Hugin neuron
    (Bader et al., 2007)
    larval protocerebrum-innervating Hugin neuron
    (Bader et al., 2007)
    larval VNC-innervating Hugin neuron
    (Bader et al., 2007)
    larval Hugin neuron

    Comment: some project to the ring gland

    (Bader et al., 2007)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    There are 20 cells of the hugin cluster which consist of four classes, whose cell bodies are arranged fairly symmetrically straddling the midline: eight project to the protocerebrum and four each project to the ventral nerve cord, the ring gland, and the anterior pharynx.

    (Bader et al., 2007)

    hug is expressed in approximately 20 cells of the subesophageal ganglion.

    (Melcher and Pankratz, 2005)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    immunolocalization
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    wandering third instar larval stage
    Hugin neuron
    (Bader et al., 2007)
    larval corpus cardiacum-innervating Hugin neuron
    (Wegener et al., 2011)
    mass spectroscopy
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    wandering third instar larval stage
    larval central nervous system
    (Baggerman et al., 2005, Baggerman et al., 2002)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    hug is expressed in the peptidergic CC-MS 1 neurons in the larval brain.

    (Wegener et al., 2011)

    Immunolocalization of an antibody to the lepidopteran neuropeptide PBAN, which is orthologous to Hug, is colocalized with the expression of the reporter AvicGFPYFP.Hug.PM.

    (Bader et al., 2007)
    Marker for
     
    Hugin neuron
    (Bader et al., 2007)
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in extracellular space
    inferred from direct assay
    (Wegener et al., 2006)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\Hug in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Hug
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Hug
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
    Gene disrupted in
    Df(3R)Exel7317
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Gene partially disrupted in
    Df(3R)HugattP
    (Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23)
    Inferred from location ( 9 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Hug. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      Hug - PK2-R1
      enzymatic study, inferred by author
      (Park et al., 2002)
      Hug - PK2-R2
      enzymatic study, inferred by author
      (Park et al., 2002)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      TrpA1
      suppressible
      Hug
      (Schlegel et al., 2016)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3R
      Recombination map
      3-52
      Cytogenetic map
      87B15-87B15
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      87B15-87B15
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}svp07842 and P{lacW}Vha55j2E9
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      87C1-87C4
      (Roos, 1999.10.11)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-52

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-49.5

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (26)
      Genomic Clones (16)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (69)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Bader et al., 2013)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            hug has coding capacity for at least two neuropeptides: Drm-PK-2 and hugγ.

            (Meng et al., 2002)

            hug codes for neuropeptides with myostimulatory and ecdysis modifying effects.

            (Meng et al., 2002)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: hug CG6371

            (Roos, 2000.4.18, FlyBase, 1996-)
            Additional comments

            Source for merge of hug CG6371 was sequence comparison ( date:000423 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: Hug hug

            (FlyBase, 2009-)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (31)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG6371
            (Mao et al., 2024, Ward and Moehring, 2021, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Yew et al., 2009, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Ierusalimsky and Balaban, 2007, Wegener et al., 2006, Predel et al., 2004, Choi et al., 2001, Hewes and Taghert, 2001, Roos, 2000.4.18)
            Drm-MT2
            (Baggerman et al., 2002)
            Drm-PK-2
            (Caers et al., 2012, Terhzaz et al., 2012, Ierusalimsky and Balaban, 2007, Neupert et al., 2007, Wegener et al., 2006, Cazzamali et al., 2005, Predel et al., 2004, Park et al., 2003, Rosenkilde et al., 2003, Meng et al., 2002, Park et al., 2002)
            HUG
            (Wegener et al., 2011, Park et al., 2008, Baggerman et al., 2005)
            HUGγ
            (Park et al., 2003)
            Hug
            (Ahmad et al., 2025, Asahina and Zelikowsky, 2025, Liu et al., 2024, Chen et al., 2023, Dvořáček et al., 2022, Kannangara et al., 2021, Nässel, 2021, Schoberleitner et al., 2021, Ward and Moehring, 2021, Texada et al., 2020, Brunet Avalos et al., 2019, Everman et al., 2019, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Abruzzi et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Bahrampour and Thor, 2016, Chen et al., 2016, Bader et al., 2013)
            Hug-PK
            (Nässel, 2018)
            Hug-γ
            (Cazzamali et al., 2005)
            Hugin
            (Komarov and Sprecher, 2022, Nässel and Zandawala, 2022, Lee et al., 2021, Koyama et al., 2020, Lin et al., 2019)
            Hugin PK
            (Nässel and Zandawala, 2020)
            Hugin-PK-2
            (Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            PK-2
            (Nassel, 2002)
            hug
            (Deshpande et al., 2022, Crocker et al., 2016, Cardoso et al., 2012, Thomas et al., 2012, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Neupert et al., 2007, Santos et al., 2007, Anonymous, 2005, Melcher and Pankratz, 2005)
            hug γ
            (Nässel and Winther, 2010, Iversen et al., 2002, Iversen et al., 2002)
            hug-1
            (Nassel, 2002)
            hug-2
            (Nassel, 2002)
            hug-PK
            (Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            hug-γ
            (Jorgensen et al., 2006, Egerod et al., 2003, Egerod et al., 2003, Rosenkilde et al., 2003)
            hugg
            (Terhzaz et al., 2012)
            hugin
            (Farris, 2023, Miroschnikow et al., 2020, Owusu-Ansah and Perrimon, 2014, Itskov and Ribeiro, 2013, Nässel et al., 2013, Rajan and Perrimon, 2013, Shang et al., 2013, Cardoso et al., 2012, Herrero, 2012)
            huginPK
            (Diesner et al., 2018)
            hugγ
            (Terhzaz et al., 2012, Meng et al., 2002, Park et al., 2002)
            pyrokinin/PBAN-like
            (Choi et al., 2001)
            Name Synonyms
            HUGIN
            (Yew et al., 2009)
            Hugin
            (Nässel, 2025, Nässel, 2025, Shafer, 2025, Chopra et al., 2022, Nässel and Wu, 2022, Nässel et al., 2019, Jourjine, 2017, Martelli et al., 2017, Bahrampour and Thor, 2016, Lee et al., 2015, Bader et al., 2013, Carlsson et al., 2013, Itskov and Ribeiro, 2013, Marella et al., 2012, Park et al., 2008, Baggerman et al., 2005, Nassel, 2002)
            Hugin-pyrokinin
            (Nässel and Winther, 2010)
            Hugin-γ
            (Yapici et al., 2008)
            Pyrokinin
            (Veenstra et al., 2008, Predel et al., 2004)
            SVPFKPRLamide
            (Rosenkilde et al., 2003)
            hugin
            (Sayin et al., 2018, Widmann et al., 2018, Schlegel et al., 2016, Schoofs et al., 2014, Jurenka and Nusawardani, 2011, Thum et al., 2011, Veenstra et al., 2008, Bader and Pankratz, 2007, Bader et al., 2007, Bader et al., 2007, Colomb and Stocker, 2007, Ierusalimsky and Balaban, 2007, Neupert et al., 2007, Peters and Pankratz, 2007, Santos et al., 2007, Melcher et al., 2006, Anonymous, 2005, Johnson et al., 2005, Melcher and Pankratz, 2005, Meng et al., 1999)
            hugin gamma
            (Terhzaz et al., 2012)
            pyrokinin
            (Ierusalimsky and Balaban, 2007, Cazzamali et al., 2003, Nassel, 2002)
            pyrokinin-2
            (Jorgensen et al., 2006, Cazzamali et al., 2005, Verleyen et al., 2004, Rosenkilde et al., 2003)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0038062
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 30 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (139)