FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\akirin
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\akirin
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
akirin
Annotation Symbol
CG8580
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0082598
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
Molecular adapter that acts as a bridge between a variety of multiprotein complexes, and which is required for embryonic development and for normal innate immune response (PubMed:18066067, PubMed:22396663, PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Acts as a regulator of embryonic myogenesis by bridging Twist (twi) with the SWI/SNF-like Brahma complex, promoting expression of twi-regulated genes during myogenesis (PubMed:22396663). Effector of immune deficiency pathway (Imd) by acting either downstream of, or at the level of, the NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) (PubMed:18066067, PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Acts by bridging the NF-kappa-B factor Rel and the Brahma complex through bap60 interaction, leading to activation a subset of NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) effector genes (PubMed:25180232). Not part of the Toll pathway (PubMed:18066067). Required for the formation of the heart by promoting expression ot tinman (tin) (PubMed:32950464). (UniProt, Q9VS59)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

bhr, bhringi

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
65F7-65F7
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-20
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:7369843..7373711
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables transcription coregulator activity
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:twi; FB:FBgn0003900
(Nowak et al., 2012)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:twi; FB:FBgn0003900
(Nowak et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables transcription coregulator activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000329080
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Goto et al., 2008)
involved_in heart development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Howard et al., 2021)
involved_in larval somatic muscle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nowak et al., 2012)
involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Goto et al., 2008)
involved_in positive regulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Goto et al., 2008)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cammarata-Mouchtouris et al., 2020)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Howard et al., 2021)
involved_in regulation of innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000999048
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000329080
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in euchromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Nowak et al., 2012, Goto et al., 2008)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Nowak et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in chromatin
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000329080
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000329080
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the akirin family. (Q9VS59)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF IMD SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the increased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Molecular adapter that acts as a bridge between a variety of multiprotein complexes, and which is required for embryonic development and for normal innate immune response (PubMed:18066067, PubMed:22396663, PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Acts as a regulator of embryonic myogenesis by bridging Twist (twi) with the SWI/SNF-like Brahma complex, promoting expression of twi-regulated genes during myogenesis (PubMed:22396663). Effector of immune deficiency pathway (Imd) by acting either downstream of, or at the level of, the NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) (PubMed:18066067, PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Acts by bridging the NF-kappa-B factor Rel and the Brahma complex through bap60 interaction, leading to activation a subset of NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) effector genes (PubMed:25180232). Not part of the Toll pathway (PubMed:18066067). Required for the formation of the heart by promoting expression ot tinman (tin) (PubMed:32950464).
(UniProt, Q9VS59)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\akirin for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VS59)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
akirin-RA
FBtr0076848
NM_139856
1268
201
akirin-RB
FBtr0076849
NM_168211
2080
201
akirin-RC
FBtr0302543
NM_001202129
2065
201
akirin-RD
FBtr0302544
NM_001202130
2196
201
akirin-RE
FBtr0302545
NM_001202131
1127
201
akirin-RF
FBtr0332730
NM_001274582
2080
201
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
akirin-PA
FBpp0076559
22.7
201
9.46
Q9VS59
NP_648113
AAF50569
akirin-PB
FBpp0076560
22.7
201
9.46
Q9VS59
NP_729249
AAN12062
akirin-PC
FBpp0291699
22.7
201
9.46
Q9VS59
NP_001189058
ADV37495
akirin-PD
FBpp0291700
22.7
201
9.46
Q9VS59
NP_001189059
ADV37496
akirin-PE
FBpp0291701
22.7
201
9.46
Q9VS59
NP_001189060
ADV37497
akirin-PF
FBpp0304976
22.7
201
9.46
Q9VS59
NP_001261511
AGB94206
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

201 aa isoforms: akirin-PA, akirin-PB, akirin-PC, akirin-PD, akirin-PE, akirin-PF
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with dmap1 (PubMed:24947515). Interacts with bap60 and rel; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Interacts with bap55; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent (PubMed:25180232). Interacts with twi (PubMed:22396663).

(UniProt, Q9VS59)
Post Translational Modification

Polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin by Hyd, promoting interaction with rel.

(UniProt, Q9VS59)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\akirin using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.28

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism | ubiquitous
(Nowak et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data

akirin is expressed broadly in nuclei throughout the embryo.

(Nowak et al., 2012)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in euchromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Nowak et al., 2012, Goto et al., 2008)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Nowak et al., 2012)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\akirin in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 16 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of akirin
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of akirin
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)Exel8104
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Gene partially disrupted in
Df(3L)0463
(Mohan et al., 2007)
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\AKIRIN2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\AKIRIN1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Akirin2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Akirin1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Akirin2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Akirin1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\akirin1
9 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\akirin2
7 of 13
No
No
Xtro\dimt1
5 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\akirin2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\akirin1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\akir-1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006809
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:akirin. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
CG42830
5 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    akirinKK102799
    model of  opportunistic bacterial infectious disease
    CEA
    (Bonnay et al., 2014)
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    AKIRIN2; akirin 2
    14 of 14
    615165
         
        AKIRIN1; akirin 1
        12 of 14
        615164
            Functional Complementation Data
            Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
            Interactions
            Summary of Physical Interactions
            Summary of Genetic Interactions
            Interaction Browsers
            View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
            Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            pnr
            enhanceable
            akirin
            (Pena-Rangel et al., 2002)
            External Data
            Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
            Interacts with dmap1 (PubMed:24947515). Interacts with bap60 and rel; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Interacts with bap55; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent (PubMed:25180232). Interacts with twi (PubMed:22396663).
            (UniProt, Q9VS59 )
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Pathways
            Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
            Metabolic Pathways
            FlyBase
            External Links
            External Data
            Linkouts
            Class of Gene
            Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
            Chromosome (arm)
            3L
            Recombination map
            3-20
            Cytogenetic map
            65F7-65F7
            Sequence location
            FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Evidence for location
            65F7-65F7
            Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}larkEP3259&P{lacW}l(3)j1D5j1D5 and P{PZ}l(3)0721708223&P{EP}Rac2EP3118
            Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Notes
            References
            Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
            Location

            3-20

            (FlyBase, 2016)

            3-17.1

            (Comeron et al., 2012)
            Left of (cM)
            Right of (cM)
            Notes
            Stocks and Reagents
            Stocks (9)
            Genomic Clones (18)
             

            Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

            cDNA Clones (267)
             

            Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

            cDNA clones, fully sequenced
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

              For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

              cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
              BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
              RNAi and Array Information
              Linkouts
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Antibody Information
              Laboratory Generated Antibodies
               

              polyclonal

              (Bonnay et al., 2014, Nowak et al., 2012)
              Commercially Available Antibodies
               
              Cell Line Information
              Publicly Available Cell Lines
               
                Other Stable Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Comments

                  The akirin protein product acts in the 'Imd' pathway but is not involved in the 'Toll' pathway.

                  (Goto et al., 2008)

                  Seven imprecise excisions of P{EPgy2}bhrEY08097 that removed the akirin gene were homozygous embryonic lethal.

                  (Goto et al., 2008)

                  Identification: In a 2-hybrid screen for interactors with twi.

                  (Gonzalez and Baylies, 2005)

                  Area matching Drosophila ESTS AA264883 and AA392712 (inverted). These ESTs show evidence of alternative splicing.

                  (Davies, 2001.3.15)
                  Relationship to Other Genes
                  Source for database merge of

                  Source for merge of: bhr anon-WO0118547.397

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)
                  Additional comments

                  Source for merge of bhr anon-WO0118547.397 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)
                  Nomenclature History
                  Source for database identify of

                  Source for identity of: bhr CG8580

                  (Gonzalez and Baylies, 2005)

                  Source for identity of: akirin bhr

                  (Goto et al., 2008)
                  Nomenclature comments
                  Etymology

                  From the Japanese 'akiraka ni suru', which means 'making things clear'.

                  (Goto et al., 2008)
                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
                  Datasets (0)
                  Study focus (0)
                  Experimental Role
                  Project
                  Project Type
                  Title
                  Study result (0)
                  Result
                  Result Type
                  Title
                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 60 )
                  Sequence Crossreferences
                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                  UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                  UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  Other crossreferences
                  AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                  DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                  EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                  FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                  MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                  Linkouts
                  BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                  FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                  Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                  iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                  MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  References (57)