FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\PPO3
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\PPO3
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Prophenoloxidase 3
Annotation Symbol
CG42640
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261363
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
catechol oxidase (1.10.3.1)
tyrosinase (1.14.18.1)
Gene Summary
Prophenoloxidase 3 (PPO3) is expressed in lamellocytes (a type of hemocyte cell involved in encapsulation) and its product involved in the melanization reaction during wasp encapsulation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Dox-A3, proPO59

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
59C3-59C3
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-102
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:23064769..23067183
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables catechol oxidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 2012)
enables tyrosinase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables oxidoreductase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002227
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in melanotic encapsulation of foreign target
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:PPO2; FB:FBgn0033367
(Dudzic et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in dopamine metabolic process
inferred by curator from GO:0004097
(Li et al., 2012)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Sarov et al., 2016)
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Asada et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the tyrosinase family. (Q9W1V6)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
tyrosinase activity
(1) L-tyrosine + O2 = L-dopaquinone + H2O (1.14.18.1)
(2) 2 L-dopa + O2 = 2 L-dopaquinone + 2 H2O (1.14.18.1)
catechol oxidase activity
2 catechol + O2 = 2 1,2-benzoquinone + 2 H2O (1.10.3.1)
RHEA 21632:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Prophenoloxidase 3 (PPO3) is expressed in lamellocytes (a type of hemocyte cell involved in encapsulation) and its product involved in the melanization reaction during wasp encapsulation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
PHENOLOXIDASES -
Phenoloxidases (POs) are innate immune proteins involved in the melanization process. POs catalyze the oxidation of phenols to quinones, which subsequently polymerize into melanin at the site of infection and around parasites. POs are synthesized as an inactive zymogen prophenoloxidase (PPO), which are cleaved to generate active POs. (Adapted from FBrf0224867 and FBrf0229770).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6 dihydroxyindole to indole-5'6 quinone (By similarity).
(UniProt, Q9W1V6)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Dox3
Apparently the structural gene of the A3 component of phenol oxidase.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\PPO3 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W1V6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
PPO3-RA
FBtr0302290
NM_080021
2228
683
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
PPO3-PA
FBpp0291496
79.3
683
6.55
Q9W1V6
NP_524760
AAF46946
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Post Translational Modification

Upon activation, a trypsin type protease cleaves prophenol oxidase to yield the active enzyme.

(UniProt, Q9W1V6)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\PPO3 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.15

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 9 -- 17
embryonic/larval crystal cell
(Waltzer et al., 2003)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
procrystal cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic/larval crystal cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
lamellocyte

Comment: after wasp infestation

(Dudzic et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

PPO3 is expressed in crystal cells, and is a marker in early crystal cells.

(Waltzer et al., 2003)
Marker for
 
embryonic/larval crystal cell
(Waltzer et al., 2003)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Sarov et al., 2016)
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Asada et al., 2003)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{PPO3-GAL4.D}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
lamellocyte
(Dudzic et al., 2015)
Reporter: P{PPO3-lacZ.F}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 14
embryonic/larval crystal cell
(Ferjoux et al., 2007)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval lymph gland
(Ferjoux et al., 2007)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\PPO3 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of PPO3
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of PPO3
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 2 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (20)
Agam\PPO1
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\PPO2
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\PPO4
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PPO6
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PPO7
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PPO8
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PPO9
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004979
3 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012617
3 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012941
3 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\PPO3
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\PPO5
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001345
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001657
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001659
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005766
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005767
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010657
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010658
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\HEXA_ANOGA
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:PPO3. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (9)
PPO1
6 of 13
PPO2
6 of 13
CG7320
3 of 13
CG8100
3 of 13
Fbp1
3 of 13
Lsp1α
3 of 13
Lsp1β
3 of 13
Lsp1γ
3 of 13
Lsp2
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    hop
    suppressible
    PPO3
    (Nam et al., 2008)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-102
    Cytogenetic map
    59C3-59C3
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    59C3-59C3
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-102

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-106.6

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (13)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (5)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Both PPO2 (derived from the crystal cells) and PPO3 (derived from the lamellocytes) contribute to the encapsulation of parasitic wasp eggs seen in infested D. melanogaster larvae. PPO3 does not contribute to hemolymphatic phenoloxidase activity upon septic or clean injury.

          (Dudzic et al., 2015)

          FlyBase curator comment: the gene referred to as "DoxA3" in FBrf0187450 corresponds to the gene encoded by the CG42640 annotation, which has been shown not to encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 (see FBrf0207791). The symbol confusion probably arose due to errors in FlyBase prior to release FB_2009_09 in the representation of D.melanogaster phenol oxidase genes (see FBrf0208743).

          (Bataille et al., 2005)

          FlyBase curator comment: the gene referred to as "Dox-A3" in FBrf0190812 corresponds to the gene encoded by the CG42640 annotation, which has been shown not to encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 (see FBrf0207791). The symbol confusion probably arose due to errors in FlyBase prior to release FB_2009_09 in the representation of D.melanogaster phenol oxidase genes (see FBrf0208743).

          (Cho et al., 2005)

          FlyBase curator comment: the gene referred to as "doxA3" in FBrf0180471 corresponds to the gene encoded by the CG42640 annotation, which has been shown not to encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 (see FBrf0207791). The symbol confusion probably arose due to errors in FlyBase prior to release FB_2009_09 in the representation of D.melanogaster phenol oxidase genes (see FBrf0208743).

          (Crozatier et al., 2004)

          FlyBase curator comment: the gene referred to as "doxA3" in FBrf0167553 corresponds to the gene encoded by the CG42640 annotation, which has been shown not to encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 (see FBrf0207791). The symbol confusion probably arose due to errors in FlyBase prior to release FB_2009_09 in the representation of D.melanogaster phenol oxidase genes (see FBrf0208743).

          (Waltzer et al., 2003)

          FlyBase curator comment: the gene referred to as "Dox-A3" in FBrf0159548 corresponds to the gene encoded by the CG42640 annotation, which has been shown not to encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 (see FBrf0207791). The symbol confusion probably arose due to errors in FlyBase prior to release FB_2009_09 in the representation of D.melanogaster phenol oxidase genes (see FBrf0208743).

          (Christophides et al., 2002)

          FlyBase curator comment: The AB055857 accession is chimeric, containing portions of CG2952 and CG8193 (both of are predicted to encode prophenol oxidases based on their sequence) and also of CG14196.

          (Asada, 2001.2.15)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments

          The Frd complementation group corresponds to one (or more) of the following annotated genes: CG42741, CG44252, CG44253, DCTN3-p24, CG9890, PPO3 (this mapping based on the recessive lethality of Frd1). Frd may correspond to PPO3: FBrf0240659 shows that Frd1 mutants carry an intragenic deletion in PPO3.

          (Kahsai and Cook, 2018)

          Developmental expression profile and immunoblot analyses indicate that CG2952 does not encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 and it is more likely that CG8193 encodes the A3 component of phenol oxidase.

          (Asano and Takebuchi, 2009)

          FlyBase curator comment: The "Dox-3, Dopa oxidase-3" locus originally described in FBrf0043263 had incorrectly been merged with the gene corresponding to the CG2952 annotation in FlyBase, based on the GenBank accession AB055857. The merged gene was called "Dox-A3, Diphenol oxidase A3" (FBgn0000487) in FlyBase, since it had been proposed (in FBrf0043263) that the Dox-3 locus was the structural locus for the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315. However, as pointed out in FBrf0207791, the AB055857 accession is chimeric, containing portions of CG2952 and CG8193 (both of are predicted to encode prophenol oxidases based on their sequence) and also of CG14196. Evidence in FBrf0207791 (developmental expression profile, immunoblot analyses) indicates that CG2952 does not encode the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315 and it is more likely that CG8193 encodes the A3 component. However FBrf0207791 notes there is a discrepancy between the location of CG8193 and that of the mutant Dox-3 strains described in FBrf0043263. Thus it is possible that these mutant strains do not affect the structural locus for the A3 phenol oxidase component originally described in FBrf0017315, but instead represent a modifying factor. Due to the uncertainty over the various components, the "Dox-A3" (FBgn0000487) gene has been split into two separate genes in FlyBase (release FB_2009_09): a gene representing the CG2952 annotation (this annotation and the gene symbol have been renamed to CG42640 in release 5.22 of the genome annotation to avoid confusion) and "Dox-3, Dopa oxidase-3", representing the locus originally described in FBrf0043263. The CG8193 gene record (FBgn0033367) remains as a separate gene record in FlyBase until more evidence is available to determine whether or not it encodes the structural locus for the A3 phenol oxidase and whether or not the Dox-3 strains affect this locus.

          (Millburn, 2009.9.4)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: proPO59 CG42640

          (Ferjoux et al., 2007)

          Source for identity of: PPO3 proPO59

          (Lemaitre and Ling, 2014.4.4)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 39 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          References (85)